Modeling and of Diatom Mud in Residential Space

Displaying and of Diatom Mud in Residential Space Displaying and of Diatom Mud in Residential Space and the Application Scenario Research Watchwords: diatom mud, living condition, living space, demonstrating, application.   Unique. Our unique biological diatom mud characteristics as a beginning stage for research, breaks down people groups utilization idea, feel, ecological insurance mindfulness. This article portrays the fundamentals and the birthplace of diatom mud, diatom mud breaks down the highlights, capacities and imperfections, the diatom mud paint and backdrop were contrasted with clarify the procedure and the market circumstance diatom mud, silicon Prospects green growth mud were examined. Through investigation of this naturally inviting enlivening paint diatom mud, added diatom mud there are a few issues in the customary development; through examination and investigation of the diatom mud module arrangement is proposed as modules shaping diatom mud can serialization get together brightening item structure idea. Presentation As of late, the effect of inside beautification materials on air quality is being taken note. Notwithstanding tasteful and pragmatic beautiful impact, natural wellbeing capacities become a significant choice of enlivening materials reference file and vitality sparing, solid and agreeable inside beautification materials items step by step become the primary inclination of the structure materials industry. Diatom mud ornamental divider material of the one of a kind highlights of various natural wellbeing to turn into the new sweetheart of enlivening structure materials showcase, an extraordinary brightening impact has increased an ever increasing number of clients everything being equal. Paints and coatings incorporate diatoms diatom mud. Diatoms paint is added to a customary latex or oil paint in a specific level of diatomaceous earth to grant direct dampness, assimilation of unsafe gases to improve attachment and scraped area opposition more highlights, etc. Diatom mud is diatomaceous earth as the primary crude material, mixing it up of added substances made of powder coatings. Diatom mud is China lately, developing as an utilitarian inside embellishment naturally benevolent materials, with stickiness control, air purging, fire retardant, acoustic clamor decrease, warm protection and assurance of visual perception, self-cleaning dividers and different highlights. Diatom mud isn't just flexible, yet in addition can make an assortment of shading surface, rich styling, style, total, so the diatom mud brought into China only a couple of years it has grown quickly, most of clients and acknowledgment. Diatom mud is another normal green paint, latex paint and backdrop to fill in for estates, lodgings, homes, condos, medical clinics and other inside adornment. Since the water opposition is poor, very little flow is applied to the outer dividers. Diatomaceous earth from fossil marine diatom green growth plants framed following a great many years, the fundamental part of opal and its variations, trailed by mud minerals. Diatomite noticeable atomic cross section structure decides its one of a kind highlights, it has a solid physical adsorption and particle trade properties, subsequent to completing generally utilized utilitarian coatings, pharmaceutical guide, food added substances, atomic radiation adsorbents and different fields. Diatomaceous earth is a siliceous sedimentary stone, for the most part in China, the US, Denmark, France, the previous Soviet Union, Romania and different nations. Figure.1 Diatomite SEM photo The Proposed Methodology Diatom mud brightening divider material.Diatom mud is mostly made out of inorganic cementitious materials, diatom utilitarian fillers, shades and other helper materials. As of now diatom mud divider design materials showcase mostly dry powder covering material was mixed when such items into comparative development of water slop, alluded to as diatom mud. what's more, more to scratch, cleaning development strategies, primarily by its useful highlights included fillers choice. Diatomite features.The fundamental capacity of the material as diatomaceous earth is a biogenic siliceous sedimentary stone, the sea or lake developed diatoms animals submerged trash saved by a non-metallic mineral regular habitat and advancing job. The principle segment of diatomaceous earth is formless SiO2, trailed by minerals, yet in addition contains some natural issue. SiO2 content is one of the diatoms content estimation banner diatomite metal. Diatomaceous earth due to its exceptional auxiliary highlights and a fragile, free, light, permeable, spongy and solid entrance properties and diatomaceous earth and the physical attributes of both the concoction organization, yet in addition with green growth are made out of mineralization ecological conditions and straightforwardly influence the diatomite applications. These properties incorporate the shading, physical properties, explicit gravity, mass thickness, liquefying point, molecule size, pore size, and a few applications likewise need to think about the particular surface territory and porosity. Since diatomite one of a kind permeable structure and phenomenal assimilation properties, making diatom mud brightening divider material joins the interesting highlights of ecological wellbeing. It highlights diatom mud brightening divider material.Diatom mud embellishing divider material is the utilization of diatomaceous earth having a fragile, free, light, permeable, spongy and porousness and different qualities, with the conventional inside beautification materials consolidated to deliver both beautifying impact and ecological wellbeing capacity enriching building materials. Diatom mud has the accompanying qualities. The stickiness execution. After the film-shaping diatom mud covering the inside has a permeable structure, when the indoor air relative stickiness is excessively high, the air fume pressure over the immersion fume weight of diatoms divider material surface opening curved surface water on this when water fume is adsorbed, the desorption and bad habit. By water fume ingestion, discharge, successfully manage the indoor air relative dampness esteems, with the goal that control in the fitting scope of human wellbeing, improve indoor air quality, great living condition. Purging air. Refinement work is additionally permeable channel structure depends on the adsorption of free catch smell particles noticeable all around, formaldehyde, benzene, unstable natural mixes and an assortment of substances. Include the suitable planning process sanitization materials, scent atoms adsorbed particles quick decay of hurtful substances, and consequently accomplish the reason for filtering the disposal of dangerous substances, keep indoor air new and clean. Diatom mud has an extraordinary sub-atomic strainers structure, not exclusively can assimilate dampness noticeable all around can be viably adsorbed noticeable all around liberated from formaldehyde, benzene and other destructive compound substances and smells from smoking, trash, pet discharge created along these lines to sanitize indoor air purposes. This is like the physical adsorption of initiated carbon, yet additionally has the impact of concoction decay. Physical adsorption diatom mud is a snappy procedur e, yet a moderate concoction disintegration. Explicit response process is as per the following: 2HCHO + O2 = 2HCOOH 2HCOOH + O2 = 2C O2 â†' + 2H2O C O2 + H2O + Ca2 + = CaCO 3 ↠+ 2H + 2HCOOH + Ca2 + = Ca (HCOO) 2 + 2H + Ca (HCOO) 2 + O2 = CaCO3 ↠+ H2O + CO2 â†' Hostile to buildup. Indoor relative stickiness remains high, the development of the divider is anything but difficult to deliver buildup, having a significant level of mugginess execution diatom mud enriching divider material can be productively adsorbed water fume atoms and water particles inside a high limit store to evacuate the collected surface exorbitant water fume atoms to forestall surface buildup. Antibacterial and against contagious. Diatom mud beautifying divider material can adequately assimilate water fume sticking to the surface, wiping out shape, microbes development condition from the source, notwithstanding viably smother and pulverize the development of form. Some diatom mud items will in general include a specific measure of antimicrobial specialist, so as to accomplish productive antibacterial impact cleansing. Secure visual perception. Diatom mud permeable surface, which will help create diffuse, viably decrease the refractive list of the light, so delicate hues. Diatom mud covering the room, the dividers reflects light normally delicate, difficult to cause visual weakness, can viably secure the vision, particularly for the assurance of vision impact is striking. The paint surface is level as a mirror, will in general have more shiny, refractive record of light is solid, so sharp hues, effectively lead to visual weakness, harm vision. Acoustic commotion decrease. Diatom mud itself permeable, with solid clamor decrease work, can adequately assimilate unsafe high recurrence sound sections, and low recurrence commotion lessening. Its viability is equal to a similar thickness of the stone or concrete mortar 2 to multiple times. Simultaneously can be diminished about half of the resonation time, essentially lessen the clamor on the human body, it is additionally increasingly appropriate for diatom mud railroad station and occupants close to the plant and the utilization of mechanical units, diatom mud will make a serene evenings rest or workplace. Self-cleaning dividers. Diatom mud is for the most part made out of an inorganic material SiO2, doesn't create electricity produced via friction, dust handily appended to the surface. Indeed, even among surface or example fall into the residue, it is anything but difficult to evacuate with a plume duster, for hand composing impressions and can be eradicated with an elastic daintily, as the new perpetual divider. Configuration vivified image.In the early advancement of Chinas liveliness industry, society craftsmanship is generally applied to the plan of the energized picture, and accomplished great outcomes. Society workmanship in China has an exceptionally long history, from the Dunhuang wall paintings to the Han Dynasty block, paper slicing from northern Shaanxi to Tianjin mud puppets, canvases from Weifang to Shengzhou Shaoxing drama, are types of people craftsmanship

History of the 1960 Olympics in Rome, Italy

History of the 1960 Olympics in Rome, Italy The 1960 Olympic Games (otherwise called the XVII Olympiad) were held in Rome, Italy from August 25 to September 11, 1960. There were numerous firsts at these Olympics, including the first to be broadcast, the first to have the Olympic Anthem, and the first to have an Olympic hero run in exposed feet.â Quick Facts Official Who Opened the Games: Italian President Giovanni GronchiPerson Who Lit the Olympic Flame: Italian track athlete Giancarlo PerisNumber of Athletes:â 5,338â (611 ladies, 4,727 men)Number of Countries:â 83 Number of Events:â 150 A Wish Fulfilled After the 1904 Olympics were held in St. Louis, Missouri, the dad of the cutting edge Olympic Games, Pierre de Coubertin, wished to have the Olympics facilitated in Rome: I wanted Rome simply because I needed Olympism, after its arrival from the trip to utilitarian America, to wear by and by the extravagant robe, woven of workmanship and reasoning, in which I had for a long while been itching to dress her.* The International Olympic Committee (IOC) concurred and picked Rome, Italy to have the 1908 Olympics. Be that as it may, when Mt. Vesuvius ejected on April 7, 1906, murdering 100 individuals and covering close by towns, Rome passed the Olympics to London. It was to take an additional 54 years until the Olympics would at long last be held in Italy. Old and Modern Locations Holding the Olympics in Italy brought together the blend of old and current that Coubertin had so wanted. The Basilica of Maxentius and the Baths of Caracalla were reestablished to have the wrestling and gymnastic occasions separately, while an Olympic Stadium and a Sports Palace were worked for the Games. First and Last The 1960 Olympic Games were the main Olympics to be completely secured by TV. It was likewise the first run through the recently picked Olympic Anthem, made by Spiros Samaras, was played. In any case, the 1960 Olympics were the last that South Africa was permitted to partake in for a long time. (When politically-sanctioned racial segregation finished, South Africa was permitted to rejoin the Olympic Games in 1992.) Stunning Stories Abebe Bikila of Ethiopia shockingly won the gold decoration in the long distance race - with uncovered feet. (Video) Bikila was the absolute first dark African to turn into an Olympic boss. Strangely, Bikila won the gold again in 1964, yet that time, he wore shoes.â US competitor Cassius Clay, later known as Muhammad Ali, stood out as truly newsworthy when he won a gold decoration in light heavyweight boxing. He was to go on to a famous boxing vocation, in the long run being called, the Greatest.â Conceived rashly and afterward stricken with polio as a small kid, U.S. African-American sprinter Wilma Rudolph defeated here inabilities and proceeded to win three gold decorations at this Olympic Games. A Future King and Queen Participated Greeces Princess Sofia (the future sovereign of Spain) and her sibling, Prince Constantine (the future and last ruler of Greece), both spoke to Greece at the 1960 Olympics in cruising. Sovereign Constantine won a gold decoration in cruising, mythical serpent class. A Controversy Shockingly, there was a decision issue on the 100-meter free-form swim. John Devitt (Australia) and Lance Larson (United States) had been in a dead heat during the last section of the race. In spite of the fact that the two of them completed at about a similar time, the vast majority of the crowd, the games columnists, and the swimmers themselves trusted Larson (U.S.) had won. In any case, the three adjudicators decided that Devitt (Australia) had won. Despite the fact that the official occasions demonstrated a quicker time for Larson than for Devitt, the decision held. * Pierre de Coubertin as cited in Allen Guttmann, The Olympics: A History of the Modern Games (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1992) 28.

How to Read More Than One Book at a Time Critical Linking, September 10

How to Read More Than One Book at a Time Critical Linking, September 10 Sponsored by Penguin Random House Its the bookworm dream: being able to cruise through multiple books at the same time. I mean, not literally at the same time. But to be like Rory Gilmore, with a bus book and a lunch book and a book of poems when youre in a poetry kind of mood and a memoir for when youre in an introspective space. Just think of how neat and tidy your TBR (to be read) pile would look. But for many of us, the impulse to read more than one book at once is often tempered by the logistics of the whole undertaking. Where do you read your different books? And what? And when? Heres how to become a multi-book reader, according to Reddit. Are you into it? Joyce Maynard, who was wooed as a teenager by the late JD Salinger, has spoken out about how the literary world condemned her as “a predator”. Maynard was 18 when an essay of hers was published in the New York Times, along with a photograph. The piece led the then 53-year-old Salinger to contact her and, as Maynard writes in the New York Times, urged her to “to leave college, come live with him (have babies, collaborate on plays we would perform together in London’s West End) and be (I truly believed this) his partner forever”. Joyce Maynard recalls being labeled a predator, and being criticized for speaking out about her experiences with Salinger. In 1874, Tolstoy’s long-suffering wife, Countess Sophia Andreevna Tolstaya, received a gift from her brother: it was a joke recipe book of all the dishes Tolstaya had developed over the years to satisfy the gastronomic whims of her husband. In the book you can find everything from snippets of conversation at family meals to recipes for turnip porridge â€" there’s even instructions for macaroni cheese à la Tolstoy. Almost 150 years later, the cookbook has finally been translated and republished. It promptly went on my Kindle app and I set about getting an idea of what a 190th birthday party chez Tolstoy would have looked (and tasted) like. Celebrate Tolstoy with a glass of kvass and a slice of Ankovsky pie. Sign up to Today In Books to receive  daily news and miscellany from the world of books. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Different Types Of Contracts And Contracts - 937 Words

There are many different types of contracts and many different parts to a contract. Contracts are formal agreements between people or businesses. There are seven elements to a contract. The first is the offer which is the purposed deal. Next is the acceptance of the offer than consideration or bargaining of the offer. Legality is the next which means is the contract for a lawful purpose. Next is capacity are the parties adults of sound mind then consent of the contract. Lastly, writing some types of contracts must be in writing to be enforceable. There are two contract rules for governing the sales of goods and the sale of services. The Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) is the code used for the sales of goods. The sales of services uses common law to govern these contracts. UCC was first published in 1952, the drafters of this code wanted to facilitate the easy information and enforcement of contracts in a fast- paced world. There are nine articles to the uniform commercial co des. Article one deals with the law of contracts and article nine deals with payment in security interest agreements. The most important article is article two which deals with the sale of goods. Goods are anything movable, except for money, securities and certain legal rights. Article two also states the rules for contract formation such as the firm offers, shipments of goods and modification of terms. Article two states the rule for contract repudiation and breach listing severalShow MoreRelatedEvaluating Different Types of Contracts1326 Words   |  5 PagesEvaluating Contracts There are different types of contracts which are used by the Federal Government. The choice for a particular type of contract is guided by a number of factors which have to be put into a consideration before a decision is reached on the best or the most appropriate method of contracting to apply. 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Contract means a mutually bindingRead MoreWhy Do We Use Different Types Of Contracts On Projects?1045 Words   |  5 Pages 2.1 CONTRACT ESTABLISHMENT Why do we use different types of contracts on projects? â€Æ' 2.2 LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of this section you will be able to: †¢ Describe the typical contract types †¢ Explain key elements that govern contract type selection †¢ Explain the key principles of agreement between Reliance and the contractor â€Æ' 2.3 CONTRACTS TYPES †¢ Lump Sum – Contractor is required to provide upfront for all risks and costs for performing to contract defined requirements;Read MoreEssay on nature of construction contracts1528 Words   |  7 PagesConstruction Contracts Introduction For this assignment the writer is going to discuss the nature and types of construction contracts and will explain the legal responsibilities of the various parties involved in the design and the construction process. 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It varies in different aspects such as size, nature, Contract Value etc. It involves different parties including the Client, Designer, Engineer, and the Contractor, whose interests vary from each other. Under these complex circumstances, the success of any project is dependent on the type of contract opted for the contract, along with several other factors such as the most appropriate design, askillful execu tion team, a good working relationshipRead MoreMy Knowledge Of The Contract Documentation Relevant1207 Words   |  5 PagesI have developed my knowledge of the contract documentation relevant to our industry through my graduate training, reading on the subject and by learning about the types of contracts used on the project I work on. A contract is an agreement between two or more parties which can be enforced in court. It must include offer, acceptance, consideration and the intention to create a legal relationship. It defines the rights and obligations of all parties, such as the scope of works and payments. As structuralRead MoreContract Pricing Essay762 Words   |  4 PagesFixed-Price Contract or Cost-Reimbursement Contract Willie Glover BUS 501 February 20, 2011 Dr. Nick Nayak Abstract Fixed-price contracts and cost-reimbursements are two different forms of contracts used by the federal government while determining contract pricing. Contracting officers may use either when contracting however there are several types of fixed-price contracts. Fixed-price type of contracts provide for a firm price or an adjustable price. Fixed-price contracts consist of firm-fixed-priceRead MoreConstruction Contracts Essay1036 Words   |  5 PagesConstruction Contracts 1. Name and briefly describe each of the two basic types of competitively bid construction contracts. Which type would be most likely used for building the piers to support a large suspension bridge. Why? Two basic types of competitively bid construction contracts are lump-sum and the unit-price contract. The lump-sum contract is when the contractor agrees to complete all work for a pre-determined price including profit and the contract. The unit-price contract is when the

The Effects Of Ocean Pollution On The Sea Turtles And The...

Do you have any idea what a McDonald’s straw can do to a baby sea turtle? Pollution can have serious impacts on both sea turtles and the food they eat. For example, new research suggests that a disease that has been killing sea turtles can be linked to pollution in the ocean and in fresh water sources close to the ocean. When pollution contaminates and kills aquatic plant and animal life, it also destroys feeding habitats for sea turtles. Oil spills and urban runoff of chemicals and fertilizers all contribute to water pollution. About thirty six percent of all marine pollution comes from oil that flows through drains into rivers from cities. There was a baby sea turtle found with a straw lodged in its nose and the pain was so extreme that it passed out. The turtle would not have survived in the wild if it was not found. The overall effects of ocean pollution are an increasing problem that could lead to diminishing populations in marine animal and plant species. Ocean pollution is a rising problem that is starting to cause serious health problems for marine organisms. By definition pollution is the human alteration of chemical or physical characteristics of the environment to a degree that is harmful to living organisms. There are a couple forms of pollution that destroy wildlife by killing or impairing the organisms that live in the oceans health. The main forms of pollution that are most destructive are synthetic chemicals, oil, toxic metals, and acid rain are included inShow MoreRelatedMarine Biology Module 3 Review Essay1262 Words   |  6 PagesSea Turtles (Lessons 3.02, 3.04, 3.05) 1. †¢       What types are typically found in Florida? o          Green sea turtle o          Hawksbill turtle o          Leatherback turtle o          Kemp’s ridley turtle o          Loggerhead turtle 2. †¢       What types are not typically found in Florida? o          Olive ridley turtle o          Flatback turtle 3. †¢       What are the 2 main parts (upper and lower) of a sea turtle shell called? o          Upper – carapace o          Lower – plastron 4. †¢       CanRead MoreSea Turtles Are Not Only Affected By Pollution1030 Words   |  5 PagesSea turtles are not only affected by pollution, but they are also affected by tourist attraction. 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There areRead MoreOur Oceans Are The Earth s Biggest Life Support Systems Essay2000 Words   |  8 Pagesextremely important resource is the Ocean. The oceans are the â€Å"lifeblood of planet Earth and humankind†. In all, the oceans are the Earth s biggest life support systems. Our society depends on much from the oceans and because they are so important it is necessary to explore all they provide. They contribute to the air we breathe, the water we drink, food we eat, and also provide recreation. Specifically, the oceans provide a sixth of the animal protein people eat and also absorbs the carbon dioxideRead MorePlastic Pollution And Its Effects On Marine Life914 Words   |  4 PagesPlastic Pollution Our waste such as plastic and contaminated water makes its way to the ocean. There, it has a devastating effect on marine life. â€Å"5.25 trillion plastic particles weighing some 269,000 tons are floating on the surface of the sea† (Seltenrich). 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K-19 Disaster Free Essays

Leadership is the process in which an individual influences the group of individuals to attain a common goal. Good leadership ensures that the goal is attained by mutual cooperation and cohesive behavior. An effective leader infuses a sense of positivist and efficiently directs others to reach the specified goal. We will write a custom essay sample on K-19 Disaster or any similar topic only for you Order Now The captain in the movie placed too much emphasis on power. A captain who attempts to control circumstances with power most often becomes authoritarian in his expression which can lead to dissent among subordinates. On the other hand, a captain who communicates effectively and collaborates with all team members is often respected and becomes more successful. In K- 10, the co-captain was an antithesis to the actual captain. The stark contrast between the two men’s leadership styles conveyed a message about the relative effectiveness of each one. The crew embers were more loyal to the co-captain because he worked as a team to reach a goal Instead of ordering his subordinates around. When disaster struck the crew was more apt to follow orders from the authority figure who worked with them as a team because they trusted him to care for their well-being. The only way to efficiently govern a large number of people is to instill a sense of trust. Those who abuse their power will not be trusted and thus will not become effective leaders. During war time people tend to experience and strong sense of nationalism. A citizen of Russia n the movie would feel patriotism for his own country starting at a very early age. It’s a socio-cultural phenomenon that has been examined for ages. Many social psychologists believe that the patriotism is derived from the innate human desire to belong. Therefore, when Russian begins to experience military tensions during the onset of WWW, many citizens felt the need to defend and protect not only the country’s honor, but their own as well. This explains why it was so hard for the captain to abandon the mission that his government had assigned him to. He felt that it was only right to risk his life defending his country and his own reputation, When technology advances rapidly, there is often a discrepancy between the capabilities of technology and the capabilities of the people in charge of said technology. Examples of such discrepancies can be found throughout all time periods. During the industrial revolution, for example, the technology allowed for mass production of goods, but the society of the time did not have regulations in place to successfully prepare workers for the hazardous conditions. As a result many lives were tragically lost. During WWW, Germany was beginning to use planes In the war. However, the first airplane had been flown Just over a decade earlier and the technology was still in its Infancy. Consequently, the average life span of a fighter pilot In WWW was only two weeks. When watching K-19 it is quite easy to understand why such a disaster could occur. The government at the time was desperate to have the cutting-edge technology, but did not have time to properly train those who would be working with the equipment. In today’s society our technology Is once again advancing at a 1 OFF startling rate. As social medial becomes more prominent, minors are more expos to the adult world and the dangers that accompany it. We must be careful, as a society, to guard against technology being controlled by those who don’t know how to properly utilize it. The movie was a powerful, reality based drama that causes viewers to consider the effects of nuclear power and the dangers of radiation. However, it also has underlying tones that speak to the very nature of humans. Leadership skills, nationalism, and technological innovation continue to be pressing issues in society throughout the ages. How to cite K-19 Disaster, Papers

Works Satisfaction and Psychology

Work is one of the main activities of human life. It is essential to consider the work as something interesting and satisfactory as people spend most of their time at work. I know a lot of different people who work just to earn money and this work dose not bring much satisfaction to them. This is wrong as people do not get satisfaction from money they earn (Lewis, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Work’s Satisfaction and Psychology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More After work such people are dissatisfied, they do not feel enjoyment from their work. When people work effectively, when they get satisfaction from what they do and when they get good money for their work, people are pleased. Still there are people who work just for personal satisfaction, they get symbolic money for their work and feel great. These people are the happiest ones, they do not need much from this life, they are not tied with the material things, they do not need too much from this life, they get satisfaction from what they do (Stride, Wall, Catley, 2008). I do not know many people who work just for personal satisfaction and do not get the highest financial reward. These people managed to get the work for calling. This is the greatest satisfaction as people do what they can do and what they like to do. It is essential to work in the atmosphere of positive emotions as it directly affects human condition. People are happy when they do the work and when they are absolutely satisfied with its results (Seligman, 2002). My friend works as a teacher of drawing in the kindergarten. I know what she does there and how children love her and I understand that her work is like a calling. She has the working hours, but I see how she stays with children longer, how she works with them to help them understand what they do. It is really important for her to make sure that her children understand the material. She is ready t o work for free on Sundays and Mondays, she stays longer at work and I see how she comes earlier. She does not get additional money for working longer, her salary is not too big, but she does her job with love. Looking at the work she does, I see that my friend loves children and does all possible to teach them draw, she tries to impart the feeling to beauty, she makes them understand this world. The work of this person cannot be paid as she opens this world for people and she formats the consciousness of children.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Working with them my friend puts her soul in the educational process, she does not only helps children learn to draw, she learns them the main principles of life, she teaches them to be polite, loving, etc. I want to say that these people are the happiest ones. She has managed to find the job which satisfies her greatly. In conclusion, I wan t to say that I also want to have such a job. Money is not everything in this world, money can give us much, for example, a good and luxury house with a big bad, however, money cannot give us comfort and good and calm sleep. We can buy the most expensive medicine, but we are unable to buy health. We can make many plastic operations, but we cannot return our youth. Therefore, when working, people should think about personal satisfaction and the contribution they put in personal life rather than about greater financial award. Reference List Lewis, S. (2011). Positive psychology at work: How positive leadership and appreciative inquiry create inspiring organizations. New York: John Wiley Sons. Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Authentic happiness: Using the new positive psychology to realize your potential for lasting fulfillment. New York: Simon and Schuster. Stride, C., Wall, T. D., Catley, N. (2008). Measures of job satisfaction, organisational commitment, mental health and job related w ell-being: A benchmarking manual. New York: John Wiley Sons. This essay on Work’s Satisfaction and Psychology was written and submitted by user Jaeden C. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Famous Birthday Quotes From the Famous

Famous Birthday Quotes From the Famous When you are a kid, each birthday is a high point of the year- your own special day, with cake, ice cream, a party, and presents. And you are the absolute star for a day. As you get older, the milestones matter- ages 18, 21, 30, 40 and so on through the decades. As those numbers get bigger, some feel an intense need to ignore this most personal and important holiday, all your own, while others celebrate each one to the max. As Abraham Lincoln said, And in the end, its not the years in your life that count, its the life in your years. Make a toast to that. Excellent advice. What would it be like if Plato or Jonathan Swift wished you a happy birthday? Would it make you feel special? Here are some uplifting famous birthday quotes  from some famous people. The authors might not be around to give their wishes to you personally, but their heartfelt birthday greeting could make you feel on top of the world. Famous Birthday Quote William Butler Yeats: From our birthday, until we die, / Is but the winking of an eye.Plato: Old age: A great sense of calm and freedom. When the passions have relaxed their hold, you may have escaped, not from one master but from many.Pope John XXIII: Men are like wine. Some turn to vinegar, but the best improve with age.Jonathan Swift: May you live all the days of your life.No wise man ever wished to be younger.Tom Stoppard: Age is a high price to pay for maturity.  John P. Grier: You are only young once, but you can be immature for a lifetime.Titus Maccius Plautus: Let us celebrate the occasion with wine and sweet words.Lucille Ball: The secret to staying young is to live honestly, eat slowly, and lie about your age.  J. P. Sears: Let us respect gray hairs, especially our own.George Burns: Nice to be here? At my age, its nice to be anywhere.Robert Browning: Grow old along with me! The best is yet to be, the last of life, for which the first was made.Mark Twain: Age is a case o f mind over matter. If you dont mind, it doesnt matter. Madeleine LEngle: The great thing about getting older is you dont lose all the other ages youve been.Decimus Magnus Ausonius: Let us never know what old age is. Let us know the happiness time brings, not count the years.William Shakespeare: With mirth and laughter let old wrinkles come.Lucy Larcom: Whatever with the past has gone, the best is always yet to come.  Charles Schulz: Just remember, once youre over the hill you begin to pick up speed.Brigitte Bardot: Every age can be enchanting, provided you live within it.Satchel Paige: How old would you be if you didnt know how old you are?Ethel Barrymore: You grow up the day you have the first real laugh at yourself.Bob Hope: You know you are getting old when the candles cost more than the cake.Bernard Baruch: We grow neither better nor worse as we get old, but more like ourselves.

The Penalty of Death by H.L. Mencken

The Penalty of Death by H.L. Mencken As shown in H.L. Mencken on the Writing Life, Mencken was an influential satirist as well as an editor, literary critic, and longtime journalist with The Baltimore Sun. As you read his arguments in favor of the death penalty, consider how (and why) Mencken injects humor into his discussion of a grim subject. His satirical use of the persuasive essay format uses irony and sarcasm to help make his point. It is similar in mode to Jonathan Swifts A Modest Proposal.  Satirical essays like Menckens and Swifts allow the authors to make serious points in humorous, entertaining ways. Teachers can use these essays to help students understand satire and persuasive essays.  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹ The Penalty of Death by H.L. Mencken Of the arguments against capital punishment that issue from uplifters, two are commonly heard most often, to wit: That hanging a man (or frying him or gassing him) is a dreadful business, degrading to those who have to do it and revolting to those who have to witness it.That it is useless, for it does not deter others from the same crime. The first of these arguments, it seems to me, is plainly too weak to need serious refutation. All it says, in brief, is that the work of the hangman is unpleasant. Granted. But suppose it is? It may be quite necessary to society for all that. There are, indeed, many other jobs that are unpleasant, and yet no one thinks of abolishing them- that of the plumber, that of the soldier, that of the garbage-man, that of the priest hearing confessions, that of the sand-hog, and so on. Moreover, what evidence is there that any actual hangman complains of his work? I have heard none. On the contrary, I have known many who delighted in their ancient art, and practiced it proudly. In the second argument of the abolitionists there is rather more force, but even here, I believe, the ground under them is shaky. Their fundamental error consists in assuming that the whole aim of punishing criminals is to deter other (potential) criminalsthat we hang or electrocute A simply in order to so alarm B that he will not kill C. This, I believe, is an assumption which confuses a part with the whole. Deterrence, obviously, is one of the aims of punishment, but it is surely not the only one. On the contrary, there are at least half a dozen, and some are probably quite as important. At least one of them, practically considered, is more important. Commonly, it is described as revenge, but revenge is really not the word for it. I borrow a better term from the late Aristotle: katharsis. Katharsis, so used, means a salubrious discharge of emotions, a healthy letting off of steam. A school-boy, disliking his teacher, deposits a tack upon the pedagogical chair; the teacher jumps and the boy laughs. This is katharsis. What I contend is that one of the prime objects of all judicial punishments is to afford the same grateful relief (a) to the immediate victims of the criminal punished, and (b) to the general body of moral and timorous men. These persons, and particularly the first group, are concerned only indirectly with deterring other criminals. The thing they crave primarily is the satisfaction of seeing the criminal actually before them suffer as he made them suffer. What they want is the peace of mind that goes with the feeling that accounts are squared. Until they get that satisfaction they are in a state of emotional tension, and hence unhappy. The instant they get it they are comfortable. I do not argue that this yearning is noble; I simply argue that it is almost universal among human beings. In the face of injuries that are unimportant and can be borne without damage it may yield to higher impulses; that is to say, it may yield to what is called Christian charity. But when the injury is serious Christianity is adjourned, and even saints reach for their sidearms. It is plainly asking too much of human nature to expect it to conquer so natural an impulse. A keeps a store and has a bookkeeper, B. B steals $700, employs it in playing at dice or bingo, and is cleaned out. What is A to do? Let B go? If he does so he will be unable to sleep at night. The sense of injury, of injustice, of frustration, will haunt him like pruritus. So he turns B over to the police, and they hustle B to prison. Thereafter A can sleep. More, he has pleasant dreams. He pictures B chained to the wall of a dungeon a hundred feet underground, devoured by rats and scorpions. It is so agreeable that it makes him forget his $700. He has got his katharsis. The same thing precisely takes place on a larger scale when there is a crime which destroys a whole community’s sense of security. Every law-abiding citizen feels menaced and frustrated until the criminals have been struck downuntil the communal capacity to get even with them, and more than even has been dramatically demonstrated. Here, manifestly, the business of deterring others is no more than an afterthought. The main thing is to destroy the concrete scoundrels whose act has alarmed everyone and thus made everyone unhappy. Until they are brought to book that unhappiness continues; when the law has been executed upon them there is a sigh of relief. In other words, there is katharsis. I know of no public demand for the death penalty for ordinary crimes, even for ordinary homicides. Its infliction would shock all men of normal decency of feeling. But for crimes involving the deliberate and inexcusable taking of human life, by men openly defiant of all civilized orderfor such crimes it seems, to nine men out of ten, a just and proper punishment. Any lesser penalty leaves them feeling that the criminal has got the better of societythat he is free to add insult to injury by laughing. That feeling can be dissipated only by a recourse to katharsis, the invention of the aforesaid Aristotle. It is more effectively and economically achieved, as human nature now is, by wafting the criminal to realms of bliss. The real objection to capital punishment doesn’t lie against the actual extermination of the condemned, but against our brutal American habit of putting it off so long. After all, every one of us must die soon or late, and a murderer, it must be assumed, is one who makes that sad fact the cornerstone of his metaphysic. But it is one thing to die, and quite another thing to lie for long months and even years under the shadow of death. No sane man would choose such a finish. All of us, despite the Prayer Book, long for a swift and unexpected end. Unhappily, a murderer, under the irrational American system, is tortured for what, to him, must seem a whole series of eternities. For months on end, he sits in prison while his lawyers carry on their idiotic buffoonery with writs, injunctions, mandamuses, and appeals. In order to get his money (or that of his friends) they have to feed him with hope. Now and then, by the imbecility of a judge or some trick of juridic science, they actu ally justify it. But let us say that, his money all gone, they finally throw up their hands. Their client is now ready for the rope or the chair. But he must still wait for months before it fetches him. That wait, I believe, is horribly cruel. I have seen more than one man sitting in the death-house, and I don’t want to see any more. Worse, it is wholly useless. Why should he wait at all? Why not hang him the day after the last court dissipates his last hope? Why torture him as not even cannibals would torture their victims? The common answer is that he must have time to make his peace with God. But how long does that take? It may be accomplished, I believe, in two hours quite as comfortably as in two years. There are, indeed, no temporal limitations upon God. He could forgive a whole herd of murderers in a millionth of a second. More, it has been done. Source This version of The Penalty of Death originally appeared in Menckens Prejudices: Fifth Series (1926).

How useful is the concept of semi-presidentialism for understanding Essay

How useful is the concept of semi-presidentialism for understanding the political regime of the Fifth Republic - Essay Example The first aspect worth analyzing is to what extent France meets Duverger’s first criteria: a president elected by universal suffrage. In 1962, the then French president Charles de Gaulle passed a constitutional amendment altering the presidential election from parliamentary to universal suffrage (Curtis 2004). This meant that the president of the republic would be elected by the population, and therefore had to become a strong and appealing individual leader. At the time, this benefited De Gaulle since he epitomized charismatic leadership and desired a system were the president wielded the majority of government power and responsibility. Universal suffrage gave constitutional power to the president, as he, by virtue of being elected by majority vote, now possessed similar legitimacy to that of a majority in the Assembly. Thus, 1962 marked the beginning of a shift of power from the Assembly to the President, and is even considered by Robert Elgie to be the point that establishe d the Fifth Republic as a semi-presidential regime.   The second criteria of Duverger’s definition of semi-presidential regime is that â€Å"(2) he possesses quite considerable powers† (Duverger, 1980:166 cited in Elgie:2009). Scholars such as Robert Elgie criticized Duverger for being too vague in his definition of semi-presidential regimes. For instance, Duverger underscores the fact that the president must possess considerable powers, but never expounds on this idea in order to establish what is deemed to be considerable. Reading further on Duverger’s other work such as A NEW POLITICAL SYSTEM MODEL: SEMI-PRESIDENTIAL GOVERNMENT (1980), Duverger defined the considerable powers saying that French Fifth Republic as â€Å"A country with an all-powerful presidency† (Duverger 1980:170). He justified this proposition by citing Article 16 which states

Compare and differentiate the nature of the imagination in Tintern Essay

Compare and differentiate the nature of the imagination in Tintern Abbey by William Wordsworth and Kubla Khan by Samuel Taylor Coleridge - Essay Example erences could be more marked that in Coleridges â€Å"Kubla Khan†, and Wordsworths â€Å"Tintern Abbey†, two poems that are as different in tone, subject matter, and treatment that it seems possible for two poems to be. â€Å"Kubla Khan† is an elaborate and sensual adventure, it is fantastical and a phonic treat, conjuring amazing, startling images in the minds eye and enacting this creation through the medium of sybaritic, mesmerising poetry. â€Å"Tintern Abbey†, on the other hand, written as it is in blank verse, is more austere and more consciously philosophical. Its dominant mode is not that of the image, but of thought, its rhythm more steady. These differences, albeit whilst they mask some similarities, are indicative of Wordsworth and Coleridges divergent understanding of the nature of the imagination. For a large part of the critical history of â€Å"Kubla Khan†, the poem has been considered as something slight, when it was published it was considered nothing more interesting that a nonsense poem. This reading is certainly a mistake and one made, I imagine, because of a misunderstanding of how to read the poem. It cannot be read, or at least to understand its significance it should not be read, on an ordinary level, for its word by word, phrase by phrase significances. Rather the very motion of the poem, its exaltation in creation is its sense; the poems means of creation is equal to what is created. In other words, the meaning of this imaginative poem, a poem that the imagination has slaved long over, is imagination itself. If we see the imagination at work as that which is represented in the poem, then we can also decipher precisely what the nature of imagination is in Coleridges conception. For example, in the very first stanza we see Kubla Khan â€Å"decree† his â€Å"stately pleasure dome† (2). Note that he decrees it, he does not decree that it be built. Then, seemingly out of nowhere, its construction begins: â€Å"So twice five miles of fertile ground /

Research Report On Steve Jobs Media Essay

Research Report On Steve Jobs Media Essay This report examines Steve Jobs early history, educational background, family life, key influences, a discussion of Steves personal philosophy about his field, quotations and important milestones in his career as well as major contributions to the IT industry and personal reasons to his success. It includes the adoption of Steven by Paul and Clara Jobs, his attendance to Homestead high school and his brief attend dance to Reed College. This report includes a look into Steves personal life which involves Daughter Lisa as well as a look into his Key Influences which had been HP engineers the simplistic goal of using computers to do creative work and making life easier. The report summarized quotes on management and creativity that have imprinted clearly in the minds of his followers. We review his creations of Apple I, Apple II, Lisa, Macintosh, NeXT Inc, Pixar, Mac OS X, the iPod, the iTunes Music, the iPhone and the iPad and it concludes with my personal reasons for Steve Jobs succes s. The purpose of this report is to examine the life Steve Jobs. This report will be including different aspects which will include a discussion of his early history which includes his educational background as well as family background, it will include the people and situations that have influenced him, his personal philosophy and several quotations he lives by, some important milestones in his long career, his major contributions to the industry as well as reasoning for his continuous success. The resources used to compile this research report have ranged from websites devoted to Steve Jobs, television websites, blogs, online business articles as well as online IT articles. The goal of this research paper will be to include the most important details of his life which have helped him achieve his level of success in the business field as well as the IT. Early history Steve Jobs was born in San Francisco in 1955. He was adopted by Paul and Clara Jobs of Santa Clara, California. Steve attended high school in Cupertino. He temporarily enrolled in Reed College in Portland, Ore., but dropped out. Jobs went back to California and got a job with Atari, where Wozniak had also worked. Educational background Homestead High Steve was usually bored in school, as he explains with own words, Figure 2 Figure 1 Mr. McCollums ELectronics 1 Class (Steve in the middle) Steve attended Homestead High School. He enrolled in McCollums electronics class. McCollum recalled of one time when Steves entrepreneurial skills showed up. He had called up Bill Hewlett himself, who was the co-founder of HP, to obtain extra parts for his homework. He had also inquired about a summer job in his factory. Steven and Steve Wozniak (Woz) met in 1969, introduced by classmate Bill Fernandez when they were 14 and 19. Woz was working on a little computer board with Bill which they called the Cream Soda Computer. Reed College Steve finished high school and he decided to go to attend Reed College, in Oregon. Even though tuition for Reed was so expensive that his parents could hardly afford it, Steve had his heart se on that institution. He only stayed for a few of months before he dropped out. On the bright side of things, this allowed him to attend classes that were not part of his program. While at Reed, Steve began researching Eastern mysticism. He became a fruitarian. He also began practicing fasting for extended periods of time and used LSD or rare occasion. The Jobs family Since Steve had been born of wedlock in the 1950s, he was given up for adoption. His mother, Joanne, had a college education and insisted that her boy do the same. Unfortunately, his adoptive parents, Paul and Clara, could not meet her expectations as they were a lower-middle class couple. Paul Jobs had not even graduated from high school. Personal life Steve had a baby girl name Lisa. Years past, and he began to recognize his 9-year-old daughter Lisa as family. She gradually spent more time at his home in and he even brought her to NeXTs offices from time to time. He started to get genuinely occupied in her schooling. Key Influences Steves early influence came to be HP engineers. They played an important role in his life. They came to be the first to introduce the Steve to electronics. This had become his number one hobby when he entered Homestead High. What inspired Steve Jobs in the long run was simplicity, ease of use and using computers to do creative work as well as make life easier. He always looked up to Sony, who created consumer electronics business. The Steve Jobs Philosophy Steve Jobs considers he was appropriate to build great products and being enthusiastic about them. He believes he is best for finding a group of capable people and producing equipment with them. His personal philosophy is that everything begins with a great creation. He believes in listening to customers even though customers are not able to tell you about the next breakthrough. He goes on to say, Quotes Steve Jobs has influence many people. He is able to guide and teach them from his perspective on many different topics. Here are some quotes he is most memorable for on Management and Creativity. Important Milestones and Major Contributions Apple I Figure 5 Page 5 An Apple I computer Apple was born in April 1, 1976. With the introduction of the Apple I, the computers made its first sale a few weeks later by Paul Terrel, who has just founded a new chain of computer stores called the Byte shop. He wanted to buy 50 apples at $500 per computer. While the first Apples were made of just a circuit board, the following models, which were all assembled in the Jobs famous garage, were delivered in a wooden box. Apple II The company received 300 orders for Apple, twice as much as the total number of Apple Is sold. By January of 1978, Apple was valued $3,000,000. The first disk drive for the Apple II became available in early 1978. This allowed armature programmers and amateur hackers to write, increasing the number of programs available quickly. Since there were no personal computers on the market other than the Apple II, Apple became the company of personal computers. Lisa In early 1979, Steve decided he would launch his own distinctive project, a computer whose success, unlike the Apple II, could not be attributed to Wozs great talent. He decided to call it LISA. LISA was the first personal computer involved with the mouse feature making it user-friendly. LISAs price ran at $10,000. Macintosh Steve wanted to be involved in the development of Apples future products. And he was worried that the Lisa would not be as great a computer as he had envisioned. Apple III came with an introduction that took place with great fanfare in the summer of 1980 at Disneyland. The computer turned out to have major design flaws and the first 14,000 models had to be returned to the company. NeXT Inc. Jobs tried began again with a new company called NextStep. He was to build a next generation of PCs incomparable to Apple, but it didnt happen. After struggling for eight years, NextStep had closed its hardware division. Jobs realized he needed to turn his attention to the software side of the computer industry. NextStep had to revolutionize the industry with its new operating system software which incorporates object-oriented programming allowing big complex programs to be assembled smaller. NextStep introduced its first machine, the Cube. NextStep made it easier for in-house programmers to modify software to handle significant parts in their companies. Figure 6 Toy Story released on November 22 In the 1970s, a shared a dream of making animated movies with computers caught the attention of Steve. Steves other company; Pixar was working on a graphical workstation dedicated only to processing visual data. Disney decided to sign a deal with Pixar for a full feature film which was made completely with computers. When Toy Story was released on November 22, it surpassed every hope that Pixar and Disney had. Success after success was released from the animation studio. A Bugs Life in 1998 and Toy Story 2 in 1999 and Monsters Inc. released in 2001. The company had stretched out and was ready to release a fresh movie every two years. Mac OS X The iPod revolution The iPod is an important element of Apples vision of the digital way of life. The unique iPod distinguished itself from rivals for several reasons. Its look, its click wheel and user interface that made browsing music albums easy and fast. It also had a hard drive which stored 5GB. The iTunes Music Store Steve Jobs launched the iTunes Store in 2003. It was the beginning of a revolution. Since iPod was already a triumph, but it was now becoming so successful that it personified the digital music era all in one brand. iPhone The iPhone project happened in 2003. He had made a agreement with Cingular who knew that the only way to boost its earnings was by charging users for their rising use of data online. Its most innovative element was its touch-screen display. iPad Steve Jobs finally introduced iPad, a much-anticipated touch screen tablet. In the beginning of 2010, Steve Jobs finally unveiled iPad to the world. Personal Reasons for Success There are many reasons for success. One was that he allowed individuals to have abilities that they could have never before imagined. He had an enormous vision, but always kept in mind the precise detail of every step. This made him a real perfectionist. One of the traits that made him stand out among everyone else was his attention to minimalism. His success is attributed to the relentless pursuit of user-friendly gadgets. His perspective always focused on what the users experience will be. He believed on consumer testing and showing his customers his products so they can test drive them. He has always been famous for his decisions on stunning designs and for recruiting the best people for the job. The introduction of Apples latest operating system, Mac OS X, was the product of three years of hard work. Mac OS X began in 2001 and became the foundation of Apples resurgence and current success. Another reason for his success is the increasing habit of writing emails to customers just as he has been known to do so for years. Usually, he has used them to openly answer questions about Apple or to spread gossip himself. The last reason would be his implication on charity issues. With large donations to charities, he was able to speak openly about organ donations in 2010 and played a significant role in creating the nations first organ donor registry. Conclusions Apple was on the verge of bankruptcy at one point and is now one of the most influential and leading high-tech company in the world. It is a leader in the music and telephone companies, and a likely powerhouse for future decades. Pixar is the most thriving movie studio in Hollywood and it has defined the future of animation. The founder of these companies, Steve Jobs, is now regularly nominated one of the worlds most significant business leaders. He has made many lives much simpler by creating technology that is seamless, exciting, intuitive and beautiful, instead of dull and complicated. With his current success, he is surely to continue to build his brand as years pass.

Commercial Vehicle Market in India

2010 Commercial Vehicle Market in India-Industry Report Commercial Vehicle Market in India-Industry Report Table of Contents Executive Summary3 Usage Segment6 Market share & Competition Situation8 Key Opportunities14 Key Success factors15 Financial Analysis17 Regulatory Advantage & legal frameworks22 Recent Mergers & Acquisitions26 Industry SWOT27 Market forecast with Macroeconomic assumptions28 PEST Analysis30 Annexure32 List of Industry Associations32 Executive SummaryIndia being the second most populated and seventh largest nation in the world provides a vast and untapped market for automobile giants. The de-licensing in 1991 provided the well-deserved growth essentials, which attracted international automobile majors to set up their production facilities in the country to take advantage of various facilities available. According to my research, the economic slowdown has had moderate negative effects on commercial vehicle market. The slowdown of commercial activities i n infrastructure, construction, manufacturing and other sectors resulted in sluggish demand for commercial vehicles.However, in 2009-10, the commercial vehicle segment regained its growth momentum, both in terms of production and sales, on the strong fundamentals of recuperating demand from almost all prominent sectors. Especially, passenger carriers registered notable sales momentum and boosted the overall commercial vehicle development outlook. In coming years, rapid expansion of cities to suburban areas will also create more demand for mass transportation vehicles in the country. It is expected that a major part of India will be well connected by 2013-14, which will fuel the demand for commercial passenger carriers in the country.Keeping this in mind, we have projected the sales of commercial passenger carriers to register nearly 13% CAGR between 2010-11 and 2013-14. On utility vehicle front, the country posted one of the fastest year-on-year production growths in 2009-10. In 200 8-09, manufacturers were forced to halt their production capacity amid falling domestic and export demand for utility vehicles. Consequently, the production saw a massive 11% drop in the same year. With recovering vehicle demand from schools, corporates and public sector organizations, the production grew strongly at the rate of 24. % in 2009-10. We anticipate this trend to continue in coming years also, thus enabling the country to become a dominant utility vehicle player in global arena. This report is an outcome of extensive research and objective analysis on Utility Vehicle, Multipurpose Vehicle and Commercial Vehicle markets in India. The report provides detailed data and statistics on production, sales and export trends for each of the abovementioned market segment. It studies all the past and present trends prevailing in the market to give the future market outlook.Industry in India ———————————â€⠀Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- KEY POINTS 1. ————————————————- Automobile production and sales went up in 2007-08 as compared to 2002-03. 2. ————————————————- They reached a peak in 2009-10 3. ————————————————- Sales of commercial vehicles are growing day by day due to the growing construction industry and commercial developments and many other conditions such as growing urbanization. ———————————————— ————————————————- KEY POINT S 4. ————————————————- Automobile production and sales went up in 2007-08 as compared to 2002-03. 5. ————————————————- They reached a peak in 2009-10 6. ————————————————- Sales of commercial vehicles are growing day by day due to the growing construction industry and commercial developments and many other conditions such as growing urbanization. ———————————————— High economic growth of India has worked wonders for most of its industries. With advantages like low labor costs, easy availability of raw materials and well qualified employees, Indi a has established many industries thereby marking the beginning of an era of rapid industrialization. This has led to the increase in employment rate and income levels, giving rise to a more affluent middle class in the country, which serves as an active consumer base for most of the industries, including the automobile industry.India opened its automobile industry to global players with the de-licensing of the industry in 1991. As a result, automobile production and sales went up strongly in 2007-08 from 2002-03 levels. Even amid global economic slowdown, the industry was able to sustain its positive growth momentum. Moreover, in 2009-10 automobile production and sales surged phenomenally and India emerged as a potential competitor of the largest automobile markets such as China and Japan. Sales of commercial vehicles, particularly light commercial goods carriers are touching new heights, both in domestic and export markets.The growing construction industry and commercial developme nts have opened new vistas for light commercial goods carriers. But medium and heavy commercial vehicles will also see high demand in the domestic market due to infrastructure development like hydro power projects, port development and mining industry. Commercial passenger vehicles will also hit the peak due to increasing urbanization and growing need to commute from rural and sub-urban areas to industrial areas for work. All these are creating suitable conditions for India to emerge as an automobile production hub in the future.The sectors which have major contribution in LCV sales in the country are expected to see sustained capital expenditure in coming years. For instance, the organized retail sector which is growing at an annual pace of 30% is highly untapped and the players are planning to aggressively increase their presence in Tier-2 and Tier-3 cities. This will further boost the demand of commercial vehicles as they are largely deployed in redistribution of consumption good s. Usage Segment * Transport operators: This segment includes all fleet operators and owner-operators.There are around 200,000 road transport operators in India. However, most of them are small owner-driven firms. Road freight transportation is highly fragmented with the truck operators owning less than five trucks estimated to account for over 75% of the truck fleet. It is estimated that 77% of truck fleet is under operators who own 5 trucks or less; 10% belonged to those with 6-10 trucks; 4% belonged to those with 11-15 trucks; 3% belonged to those with 16-20 trucks; and only 4% of fleet belonged to those with more than 20 trucks. Thus, the industry is characterised by intense competition.The high competition is the result of relatively lower capital requirement, ease of obtaining driving licenses and permits. The small operators are involved mainly in the physical movement of goods and depend on brokers and other fleet operators who in turn depend on the booking agents for obtain ing business. These operators do not have the geographical reach and necessary infrastructure to tap business on a continuous basis, and thus rely on brokers. Fleet operators are the medium and large, organised-sector players in the transportation industry. The arge fleet operators are small in number, and generally operate throughout the country. These fleet operators primarily work on a hub and spoke model. The hub and spoke distribution system enables optimisation of costs and higher revenues for the transport companies/ fleet operators. These transport companies generally have formal contracts with the users, which is very rare in the case of small operators. Some larger fleet operators have ventured into offering value-added services such as courier and express cargo business and providing third party logistic services. Companies: This segment accounts for a small proportion of CV sales. Some companies located in industrial areas use these vehicles primarily for employee and ma terial transportation while a few companies use them for secondary distribution of the goods from warehouses to distributors, such as wholesalers and retailers. * Government organisations: The vehicle purchases made by municipal authorities, State transport undertakings, and various other Government departments primarily include LCVs and special application vehicles. Private bus operators: There has been a significant increase in the number of private bus operators in the country as State transport undertakings have proved inadequate in meeting the increasing demand for transportation. These vehicles are used as passenger carriers or chartered buses. ————————————————- ————————————————- Key points ————————â⠂¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- ————————————————- Key points ————————————————- Zzzzzzzzzz ————————————————- Yyyyyyyyyyyyyy ———————————————— Key points ————————————————- Zzzzzzzzzz ————————————————- Yyyyyyyyyyyyyy ——————————à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- Key points Market Structure & Segmentation ————————————————- Enter key points: ————————————————- Enter key points: The commercial vehicle market can be divided into four segments: 1. Segment A-High performance and image sensitive- The consumers in segment A are brand conscious and are willing to pay any price for that brand.But, they usually don’t compromise on quality. However, that doesn’t means they are loyal to one brand. To target such type of consumers, companies have to concentrate on performance as the main criteria. 2. Segment B-Balanced perspective-The consumers in segment B are the most difficult ones to please. They want both price and performance rolled into one product. To target suc h type of consumers, companies have to concentrate on delivering high performance at the best prices. Hence, they have to keep their operating costs to a minimum. 3. Segment C-ROI and quick payback period sensitive- .Segment D-Extremely price sensitive-The consumers in segment D want a product at an economical price and for this, they are ready to compromise on performance if they are offered a good price. To target such type of consumers, companies have to design products keeping costs at a minimum even if that means a medium or low performance but the main criteria is that price should be the best in the industry. Market share & Competition Situation The following are the main players in the Production of Commercial Vehicles in India; * Ashok Leyland Ltd. * Hindustan Motors Ltd. * Telco Force motors Ltd. ( Previously known as Bajaj Tempo Ltd) * Eicher Motors Ltd. * Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd. * Swaraj Mazda Ltd. * Tata Motors * Ashok Leyland Ashok Leyland Ashok Leyland is one of the biggest players in the Production of Commercial Vehicles in India. Ashok Leyland is one of the oldest automotive company of India. It was set up in 1948 in Madras (now called Chennai) to assemble Austin cars. However, the company's future changed after British Leyland made equity participation. Hence the company became Ashok Leyland in 1955 and started the Production of Commercial Vehicles.They offer a wide range of in Heavy and Light Commercial Vehicles varying from buses, trucks, engines to special application vehicles. They were the first company in the history of Indian to win the ISO 9002 Certification in 1993. Again it became the first Indian company to receive ISO/TS 16949 Corporate Certification. Their global ambition is very simple, it is; Global Standards, Global Markets. Hindustan Motors Ltd Hindustan Motors Ltd is one of the oldest car manufacturing company of India. It was founded in 1942. It manufactures a wide range of vehicles from cars to trucks to school bu ses to trekker to porter.However, it is more popular for one of its particular car model called the Ambassador. But, at the same time it does manufacture a lot of Commercial Vehicles as well. It was one of the leading players in cars till the early 80's but could not maintain its position after globalization came into effect and the markets were opened. It has its manufacturing plants in Uttarpara- West Bengal, Pithampur- Madhya Pradesh, Thiruvallur- Tamil Nadu and Hosur- Tamil Nadu. Telco Telco deals with Heavy Commercial Vehicles, Light Commercial Vehicles, Multi-Utility Vehicles etc.Telco was set up in 1945 to manufacture steam locomotives. Now it's the largest private sector company in Commercial Vehicle manufacturing. The four manufacturing plants of Telco are located in Jamshedpur in Jharkand, Pimpri and Chinchwad in Pune ( Maharashtra) and Lucknow in Uttar Pradesh. It has a market share of 31. 2% in Multi Utility Vehicle Segment. Force motors Ltd. (Previously known as Bajaj T empo Ltd) Force motors Ltd. (Previously known as Bajaj Tempo Ltd) is a promising company in the Commercial Vehicle segment. The company is now working on the project of introducing state-of-the-art range of trucks.The company has different technological collaboration with many international giants. Hence, it has an upper edge with new and modern technology. They are also working on eco friendly CNG bus engines. They are the only company to have a full range of Commercial Load carrying vehicles. Eicher Motors Ltd. Eicher Motors Ltd. deals with the manufacturing of Commercial Vehicles. They mainly deal with buses, trucks and chassis. These products comply with all the specifications of BS II norms. Its CNG Technology is also known to be the very best in the market. Mahindra ;amp; Mahindra Ltd.Mahindra ;amp; Mahindra Ltd. has a hugh Indian market with Multi Utility Vehicles. It was originally set up in 1945 to cater to general purpose utility vehicles. However, today it is one of the t op five manufacturers of tractors in the world. Swaraj Mazda Ltd. Swaraj Mazda Ltd. deals with the manufacturing of Light Commercial Vehicles. They mostly manufacture buses, trucks, police personnel carrier, ambulance, water tankers and special vehicles. The company was formed in 1983 and production started from 1985. Tata Motors Tata Motors is one of the most important fore runners of the Indian automobile industry.They believe in focus and state-of-the-art facilities. They probably have the best infrastructure required for the assurance of manufacturing quality vehicles. They deal with M;amp;H Commercial Vehicles, Intermediate Commercial Vehicles, Light Commercial Vehicles, Small Commercial Vehicles, Utility Vehicles Etc. In the Commercial Vehicles segment, they mostly manufacture buses and trucks. They even have a good range of passenger vehicles as well. Market Share of Major Players: The Commercial Vehicle Market is divided into following categories: 1. Light Commercial Vehicle s 2. Heavy Commercial Vehicles 3.Medium Commercial Vehicles Table 1-Market share of different players in commercial vehicle industry Type of Vehicle| TATA| Ashok Leyland| Mahindra| Eicher Motors| Force Motors| Swaraj Mazda| HindustanMotors| Volvo| Tatra| Trucks| 64%| 24%| -| 8%| -| 3%| -| ;lt;1%| ;lt;1%| Buses| 40%| 30%| 7%| 5%| 10%| 6%| 1%| 1%| -| Temposand Lorries| 59%| ;lt;1%| 32%| 4%| 3%| 3%| ;lt;1%| -| -| In the MHCV goods carrier segment, TML is the market leader with a 68% share in 9MFY2010, which represents a sharp increase from 63% in FY2008. While new players have entered the MHCV segment, some of them have limited their presence to niche segments—e. . VIL in the higher tonnage RV and HT segment; Tatra in the higher tonnage RV segment. Although the competitive intensity has increased with the entry of new players, TML and ALL continue to dominate on account of established product performance, strong brands and customer support, wide servicing network and availabilit y of spares (ease of servicing). Although TML and ALL dominate nearly all sub-segments in MHCV goods carriers market, EML has a strong presence in the 7. 5-12 tonnes segment, with a market share of 39% in 9MFY2010. However, while EML’s market share in the 7. -12 tonnes segment has declined from 53% in FY2003, TML’s market share has increased from 27% to 47% in 9MFY2010. ————————————————- Enter key points ————————————————- Enter key points Key Drivers 1. Strong economic growth- A revival of economic reforms and better economic policy in first decade of the 21st century accelerated India's economic growth rate. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in India expanded at an annual rate of 8. 80 percent in the last reported quarter. From 2004 until 2010, Indi a's average quarterly GDP Growth was 8. 37 percent reaching an historical high of 10. 0 percent in September of 2006 and a record low of 5. 50 percent in December of 2004. The economy has posted an average growth rate of more than 7% in the decade since 1997, reducing poverty by about 10 percentage points. In recent years, Indian cities have continued to liberalize business regulations. By 2008, India had established itself as the world's second-fastest growing major economy. Economists predict that by 2020, India will be among the leading economies of the world. According to the BRIC report, published by Goldman Sachs, India will be the second largest economy after China by 2043. . Robust industrial growth -The industrial sector is one of the main sectors that contribute to the Indian GDP. The country ranks fourteenth in the factory output in the world. The industrial sector is made up of manufacturing, mining and quarrying, and electricity, water supply, and gas sectors. The indus trial sector accounts for around 27. 6% of the India GDP and it employs over 17% of the total workforce in the country. 3. Low interest rates –Although the interest rate has been a little high this year, it has been around 6. 0% on an average for the past 5 years which has boosted trade. 4. Road and Infrastructure development -The most distinct part of India’s physical infrastructure development in recent years is the development of road network across the country; per sq. km. of surface area in India is now endowed with one km of roadways. India has one of the largest road networks in the world, aggregating to 3. 34 million km. The country’s road network consists of Expressways, National Highways, State Highways, Major District Roads, Other District Roads and Village Roads.The road network, as on December 2007, comprises 66,590 km of National Highways, 128,000 km of State Highways, 470,000 km of Major District Roads and about 2. 65 million km of other District and Rural Roads. The National Highways Development Project (NHDP), the largest highway project ever undertaken by the country, is being implemented by the National Highway Authority of India (NHAI). NHDP Phase I ;amp; II envisage 4/6 laning of about 14,279 km of National Highways, at a total estimated cost of Rs. 650 million (at 2004 prices).These two phases 109 comprise of Golden Quadrilateral (GQ), North-South and East-West Corridors, Port Connectivity and other projects. The Golden Quadrilateral (GQ-5,846 km) connects the four major cities of Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. The North-South and East-West Corridors (NS-EW-7,300 km) connect Srinagar in the North to Kanyakumari in the South, including spur from Salem to Kochi and Silchar in the East to Porbandar in the West. 5. Good Agricultural production -Today, India ranks second worldwide in farm output. Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry and logging accounted for 16. % of the GDP in 2007, employed 52% of the total workforce and despite a steady decline of its share in the GDP, is still the largest economic sector and plays a significant role in the overall socio-economic development of India. India is the largest producer in the world of fresh fruit, anise, fennel, badian, coriander, tropical fresh fruit, jute, pigeon peas, pulses, spices, millets, castor oil seed, sesame seeds, safflower seeds, lemons, limes, cow's milk, dry chillies and peppers, chick peas, cashew nuts, okra, ginger, turmeric guavas, mangoes, goat milk and buffalo milk and meat.It also has the world's largest cattle population (281 million). It is the second largest producer of cashews, cabbages, cotton seed and lint, fresh vegetables, garlic, egg plant, goat meat, silk, nutmeg. mace, cardamom, onions, wheat, rice, sugarcane, lentil, dry beans, groundnut, tea, green peas, cauliflowers, potatoes, pumpkins, squashes, gourds and inland fish. It is the third largest producer of tobacco, sorghum, rapeseed, coconuts, hen's eggs a nd tomatoes. India accounts for 10% of the world fruit production with first rank in the production of mangoes, papaya, banana and sapota. 6.Good replacement demand- There has been good replacement demand recently for commercial vehicles. Decisions about replacing vehicles are relatively complicated: people compare the transportation services they get from their present vehicle and the costs associated with running it, with the services they could get from another vehicle, given the costs of buying and selling vehicles and of running the new one. Replacement decisions are also affected by developments in the used-vehicle market: when people replace vehicles, they may buy either new or used, and they very often sell a vehicle on the used-vehicle market when they acquire another.Thus, although only production and sales of new vehicles affect the industry’s contribution to GDP, demand for new vehicles is influenced by prices, quantities, and qualities in the used-vehicle market. Key Challenges / Barriers 1. Increasing Competition and WTO Regime 2. Cyclicality of businesses 3. Increasing Customisation and Application Profileration-While the earlier paradigm aimed at meeting the needs of segments of consumers, the new paradigm treats every customer as unique.The development of technology has made it possible to address the needs of individual customers, the day may not be very far off when a customer wanting to buy a toilet soap may have to put his/her hand into a scanner which will sense the skin complexion and pop out a pouch of liquid soap that is ideally formulated to suit his/her skin. Also, innovation is more than creativity; it is the commercial realization of creativity. Consumers like what they have but also crave change. The word â€Å"New, Improved, Better† can influence the customer preference.Innovation is the life blood of Marketing. Creative ideas are valuable but the greater part is harnessing them to profitable productive change. 4. C ompetition from alternative modes- The alternative modes of transport are the telecom, air and port services. These services have grown exponentially as compared to the traditional commercial vehicle sector. Container port traffic has increased from less than a million in 1991 to about 5 million in 2005 with an annual growth rate of about 266 percent since 1991.Also, the increase in air freight and air transport has been around 15% whereas the increase in fixed line and mobile phone subscribers has been around 150% from 1991-2005. 5. Stiff Emission and other Regulatory Changes- The emission norms have become really strict these days. From the earlier emission norms of Euro 3 in metro cities and Euro 2 in rest of the country, the automobile companies have to ensure that the automobiles produced in or after 2009-10 adhere to Euro 4 in metro cities and Euro 3 in rest of the country. 6. Operating Cost Pressures 7.Increased Customer Awareness- In the 21st century, the customer has become very aware due to the various sources of information available to him. Now, it is very difficult to fool the customer as he can get the full information with the click of a button. Hence, companies have to keep the customer needs in mind while designing a product. 8. Accelerated Technology upgradation requirements and other change needs Key Opportunities Enter key points Enter key points †¢ Vibrant Indian Economy †¢ Automotive Industry showing double digit growth in all segments †¢ Growing engineering and IT capability for manufacturing Auto Component Industry :Culturally compatible-Quality, Experience and Values Key Success factors * Ability to enhance and vary product mix – A diverse and broad product mix enables a manufacturer to serve a wide variety of transportation solutions across different load levels. * Sales and distribution service network * Balance between outsourcing and in-house production * Quality: A company must have good quality product to ga in a customer trust. This would also help in building long term relationship with the consumer and also gain viral marketing. Environment: A company need to adapt to the surrounding environment and must act in a way to improve and sustain environment around it. ————————————————- Enter key points: ————————————————- 1 ————————————————- 2 ————————————————- 3 ————————————————- Enter key points: —————â⠂¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- 1 ————————————————- 2 ————————————————- 3 Enter key pointsEnter key points Market Entry Strategy * Collaboration for Manufacturing Excellence and Process Design * Production Sharing in India & Europe for a Holistic Service Capability * Partnering for Global Requirements * Merger & Acquisition * Establish JV ————————————————- Enter key points: ————————————————- 1 ———————————à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- 2 ————————————————- 3 ————————————————- Enter key points: ————————————————- 1 ———————————————— 2 ————————————————- 3 Financial Analysis Commercial Vehicles- Recent Trends During FY2004-07, CV sales volumes growth in the domestic market had been healthy led by buoyant economic activity, easy access to finance, entry of new truck financing companies, increased momentum in highway construction, b etter operating economics of new trucks, and a Supreme Court (SC) order prohibiting overloading of trucks. However, continued hardening of interest rates and a slowdown in economic activity has impacted CV sales volumes since FY2008.Since mid-2008, domestic CV sales volumes have declined significantly because of an economic slowdown, slowdown in index of industrial production (IIP), tighter credit conditions and constraints in the availability of vehicle finance from banks and non-banking finance companies (NBFCs). Though in-house vehicle financing of major manufacturers has increased, the additional credit flow was unable to fully offset the decrease in credit availability from outside sources. As compared with a year on year (yoy) growth of 9. 2% in Q1FY2009, domestic CV sales declined 1. 8% (yoy) during Q2FY2009, and by a sharp rate of 47. % (yoy) in Q3FY2009, and 35. 7% (yoy) in Q4FY2009. The rate of decline was lower at 12. 1% (yoy) in Q1FY2010 primarily because of 16% (yoy) gr owth in LCV segment. A significant proportion of trucks are purchased by small truck operators in the unorganised sector, who may have to pay a relatively higher rate of interest as compared with large-fleet operators, and are more vulnerable to interest rate fluctuations and slowdown in economic activity. Production: The Indian automobile sector, described as the sun rise sector, had been growing at a healthy double digit rate till 2006-07.However, it witnessed a downturn during the later half of 2007-08 and 2008-09 due to global economic slowdown. To tide over the situation, the Government of India took immediate remedial action and announced three stimulus packages. As a result of this, the overall position has improved since July, 2009 onwards. In the year 2008-09 the industry witnessed a modest growth in production at 2. 96% over 2007-08. In the year 2009-10 (April 2009 to December, 2009), passenger vehicle segment, two-wheeler segment, three-wheeler segment and commercial vehi cle segment have all recorded a growth of 24. 55%, 19. 0%, 16. 04% and 15. 10% respectively over the corresponding period last year (CLPY). The details of actual production of various automobile segments during the year 2006-07 to 2009-10 (upto December, 2009) are given below: ————————————————- [Type a quote from the document or the summary of an interesting point. You can position the text box anywhere in the document. Use the Text Box Tools tab to change the formatting of the pull quote text box. ] ————————————————- [Type a quote from the document or the summary of an interesting point.You can position the text box anywhere in the document. Use the Text Box Tools tab to change the formatting of the pull quote text box. ] Automobile Production Trends: Segment| 2 006-07| 2007-08| 2008-09| 2009-10| Passenger Vehicles| 1,545,223| 1,777,583| 1,838,593| 2,351,240| Commercial Vehicles| 519,282| 549,006| 416,870| 566,608| Three Wheelers| 556,126| 500,660| 497,020| 619,093| Two Wheelers| 8,466,666| 8,026,681| 8,419,792| 10,512,889| Total| 11,087,997| 10,853,930| 11,172,275| 14,049,830| Table 2-Automobile Production Trends Exports:The period from April-December 2009 saw growth in automobile exports sliding sharply to 10. 4% (yoy) with deceleration in almost all segments. Although CV exports declined 14. 6% (yoy) in 9MFY2010, the decline was lower than the decline of 28% (yoy) in FY2009. CVs and 3Ws segments recorded declines of 14. 6% (yoy) and 1. 9% (yoy) respectively during 9MFY2010. Although exports of 4Ws increased at a high rate of 30% (yoy) in 9MFY2010, this represented a decline from the high rate of 54% in FY2009. 2W export growth slid from 22. 5% (yoy) in FY2009 to 7. % (yoy) in 9MFY2010 attributable to a sharp decline in growth of motorcyc le exports. Although export growth has decelerated sharply in 9MFY2010, there has been a recovery in Q3FY2010 attributable partly to the base effect. The key reason for the decline in export growth was the fall in auto sales especially the CVs in the major destination markets of Asia, Africa, US, and Europe. Automobile Exports Trends Segment| 2006-07| 2007-08| 2008-09| 2009-10| Passenger Vehicles| 198,452| 218,401| 335,729| 446,146| Commercial Vehicles| 49,537| 58,994| 42,625| 45,007|Three Wheelers| 143,896| 141,225| 148,066| 173,282| Two Wheelers| 619,644| 819,713| 1,004,174| 1,140,184| Total| 1,011,529| 1,238,333| 1,530,594| 1,804,619| Table 3-Automobile Exports Trends Figure 1-Monthly Exports of Commercial Vehicles The exports of CVs which were growing till FY2008, registered a decline in early FY2009, though there was minor recovery in Q2FY2009, due to the growth in LCVs exports but that was also short-lived. The rate of decline was lower in Q2FY2010, and subsequently CV exports increased 50% (yoy) in Q3FY2010. However, this was largely due to the base effect.CVs segment was the worst hit by the economic downturn in the American and European countries, but the decline after peaking in Q3FY2009, has been showing some signs of recovery. Evidence for the US and Canada suggests that the sharp reduction in CV sales since mid-2008 has been magnified by the lack of access to credit, leading many firms to postpone their CV purchases. This implies that continued improvement in financial market conditions could provide an impetus to CV sales. Domestic Sales: Overall production growth declined from 0% (yoy) in Q2FY2009 to sharp declines of 50. % (yoy) in Q3FY2009, and 43. 5% (yoy) in Q4FY2009. However, production declined at a lower rate of 19. 5% (yoy) in Q1FY2010, because of recovery in LCV production. MHCV production continued to decline at a high, albeit lower rate through Q2FY2010. Overall CV production actually increased 4. 4% (yoy) in Q2FY2010, followed by an exceptionally high increase of 95. 4% (yoy) in Q3FY2010, albeit on a low base. Domestic MHCV sales increased at a 3-year CAGR of 10. 4% to 270,994 units during FY2008, followed by sharp declines thereafter till Q1FY2010. The less than 3. tonnes category is the largest segment, accounting for 84% of domestic goods LCV sales in 9MFY2010. This segment has reported very high growth rate during FY2005-08, primarily because of the superior price-performance ratio, and the launch of ACE by Tata Motors Ltd. (TML). The LCV segment is dominated by TML and the high growth in goods carrier segment during the last few years has been driven by the launch of Tata Motors’ 207DI (a 2-tonne pick-up vehicle), which enabled the company to strengthen its presence in this segment. During FY2006-07, growth was driven by the launch by TML of a mini-truck—the TATA ACE (with a GVW of 1. 5 tonnes). Since FY2006, the demand growth for this LCV goods carrier has been higher than other sub-segments , driven by the trend of increase in consumption of consumer goods and durables in smaller cities/towns and restrictions on goods movement by bigger vehicles in metros/bigger cities especially during daytime. The increasing popularity of the lower tonnage LCVs can be attributed to the increasing distribution of goods inside Indian towns and villages that need small vehicles because of disaggregated nature of freight generation and narrow roads.The increasing popularity of door-to-door service has contributed to the growth of LCVs in the recent past. As these vehicles have relatively lower acquisition costs, the fleet operators may prefer them to carry small cargo. The corporates not only look for speedy, reliable, door- to- door services, but also for a complete logistic solution that minimises the costs of transport, logistics and inventory. With the share of the high value consumer goods (which call for timely transportation and better handling) increasing, lower tonnage LCVs are expected to witness higher growth in the medium-term.Automobile Domestic Sales Trends Table 4 –Automobile Domestic Sales Trends Segment| 2006-07| 2007-08| 2008-09| 2009-10| Passenger Vehicles| 1,379,979| 1,549,882| 1,552,703| 1,949,776| Commercial Vehicles| 467,765| 490,494| 384,194| 531,395| Three Wheelers| 403,910| 360,781| 349,727| 440,368| Two Wheelers| 7,872,334| 7,249,278| 7,437,619| 9,371,231| Total| 10,123,988| 9,654,435| 9,724,243| 12,292,770| Figure 2-Monthly Domestic Sales of Commercial VehiclesRegulatory Advantage & legal frameworks In India the Rules and Regulations related to driving license, registration of motor vehicles, control of traffic, construction & maintenance of motor vehicles etc are governed by the Motor Vehicles Act 1988 (MVA) and the Central Motor Vehicles rules 1989 (CMVR). The Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport & Highways (MoSRT&H) acts as a nodal agency for formulation and implementation of various provisions of the Motor Vehi cle Act and CMVR.Figure 4 –Regulatory Framework of Indian Automobile Industry In order to involve all stake holders in regulation formulation, MoSRT&H has constituted two Committees to deliberate and advise Ministry on issues relating to Safety and Emission Regulations, namely – * CMVR- Technical Standing Committee (CMVR-TSC) * Standing Committee on Implementation of Emission Legislation (SCOE) CMVR- Technical Standing Committee (CMVR-TSC) – This Committee advises MoSRT&H on various technical aspects related to CMVR.This Committee has representatives from various organisations namely; Ministry of Heavy Industries & Public Enterprises (MoHI&PE)), MoSRT&H, Bureau Indian Standards (BIS), Testing Agencies such as Automotive Research of India (ARAI), Vehicle Research Development & Establishment (VRDE), Central Institute of Road Transport (CIRT), industry representatives from Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM), Automotive Compone nt Manufacturers Association (ACMA) and Tractor Manufacturers Association (TMA) and representatives from State Transport Departments. Major functions the Committee are: To provide technical clarification and interpretation of the Central Motor Vehicles Rules having technical bearing, to MoRT&H, as and when so desired. * To recommend to the Government the International/ foreign standards which can be used in lieu of standard notified under the CMVR permit use of components/parts/assemblies complying with such standards. * To make recommendations on any other technical issues which have direct relevance in implementation of the Central Motor Vehicles Rules. * To make recommendations on the new safety standards of various components for notification and implementation under Central Motor Vehicles Rules. To make recommendations on lead time for implementation of such safety standards. * To recommend amendment of Central Motor Vehicles Rules having technical bearing keeping in view o f Changes in automobile technologies. CMVR-TSC is assisted by another Committee called the Automobile Industry Standards Committee (AISC) having members from various stakeholders in drafting the technical standards related to Safety. The major functions of the committee are as follows: * Preparation of new standards for automotive items related to safety. * To review and recommend amendments to the existing standards. Recommend adoption of such standards to CMVR Technical Standing Committee * Recommend commissioning of testing facilities at appropriate stages. * Recommend the necessary funding of such facilities to the CMVR Technical Standing Committee, and * Advise CMVR Technical Standing Committee on any other issues referred to it The National Standards for Automotive Industry are prepared by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). The standards formulated by AISC are also converted into Indian Standards by BIS. The standards formulated by both BIS and AISC are considered by CMVR-TSC f or implementation.Standing Committee on Implementation of Emission Legislation (SCOE) – This Committee deliberates the issues related to implementation of emission regulation. Major functions of this Committee are – * To discuss the future emission norms * To recommend norms for in-use vehicles to MoSRT&H * To finalise the test procedures and the implementation strategy for emission norms * Advise MoSRT&H on any issue relating to implementation of emission regulations. Based on the recommendations from CMVR-TSC and SCOE, MoSRT&H issues notification for necessary amendments / modifications in the in Central Motor Vehicle Rules.In addition, the other Ministries like Ministry of Environment & Forest (MoEF), Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas (MoPNG) and Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources are also involved in formulation of regulations relating to Emissions, Noise, Fuels and Alternative Fuel vehicles. Tax Structure 1. State VAT Rate and Classi fication of goods Uniform rate structure across the country helps in avoiding diversion of trade from one State to another, checks unhealthy competition and reduces tax evasion. It helps automobile industry to plan and commit long term investments.Basic rationale needs to be developed for generation of revenue from industrial products. This should be long term and the share of taxation in the total value of the ultimate customer needs to be defined. SIAM recommends such a policy in taxing goods and services under VAT. Total taxes from both Centre and State as proposed by SIAM not to exceed 25%. Considering Cenvat at 16%, Designated rate should not exceed 9%. The classification of goods should be aligned to central taxes to reduce litigation. Uniform classification across all States and central taxes would create favourable environment for growth of industry.No separate classification of Capital Goods 2. Multiple levies and Industrial input One of the stated objectives of VAT is to r educe multiple levies. Number of rates under VAT should be 0%, 4% & RNR in addition to 1% on precious metal and 20% on petroleum products. All other levies like Octroi, Entry Tax should be abolished. Inputs used in the manufacturing should be taxed at 4% against issue of declaration. There should not be any specific list of industrial input, as it will deprive the benefit to the industry using input other than the one mentioned in the list.Reduced rate on industrial input will avoid refund problem and avoid unnecessary interaction with the Department. Further when interstate transactions are zero rated, manufacturer selling predominantly in interstate ends up having huge input tax credit without set-off. Automobile manufacturers having one manufacturing facility in the country sells more than 80% of the production outside the Sate and forced to seek refund from the State Government for excess input tax credit. SIAM suggests VAT rate of 4% on all industrial input to mitigate the refund issue. 3. Set-off mechanismSet-off of tax paid should be allowed for all inputs including raw material, components, consumables, fuel and capital goods. Tax paid on services should be allowed to be set-off. Tax paid on capital goods should be allowed as set-off in full in the same year to avoid confusion and litigation later. 4. Interstate transactions All interstate transactions should be at zero rate. Further automobile manufacturers ‘Stock Transfer' goods by setting up huge facilities to strengthen distribution net work in order to reach the product to the customer at the earliest and at least cost.This mechanism should not be affected even under VAT. 5. Sales Tax Incentives Automobile manufacturers have made huge investments, which are in phases in unviable locations. These locational disadvantages are partially offset by fiscal incentives. Any detrimental variations or withdrawal will affect the viability of such investments. This may adversely impact the country's image as an attractive investment destination. It is heartening to note that all States have agreed in principle to honour all existing incentives under VAT SIAM suggests the following: Incentive| SIAM Suggestion|Input Tax Exemption| Refund Input Tax separately – adopt Maharashtra model| Output Tax Exemption| Continue exemption, Option to Defer output tax| Output Tax Deferral| Continue Deferment, refund input tax separately| Input Tax Exemption ;amp; Output Tax Exemption| Refund Input Tax separately,Option to Defer output tax| Input Tax Exemption ;amp; Output Tax Deferral| Refund Input Tax separately,Option to Defer output tax| Table 5-Tax Structure in Automobile Industry 6. Refunds Due to various reasons there is no alternative but to seek refund from the Government in case of excess credit.Given the state of finances, refunds will be difficult and uncertain while locking up working capital for industry. Refunds should be honoured within 15 days from the date of filing retu rns and credited to the assessee's account. Alternatively, VAT Entitlement Certificate on the lines of freely tradable DEPB may be considered Recent Mergers & Acquisitions 1. Merger of Ashok Leyland and IVECO,Italy 2. Merger of Eicher and Mitsubishi,Japan 3. Merger of M&M and Nissan Motor Company,Japan 4. Merger of Swaraj Mazda and Mazda Motor Company,Japan Industry SWOT Strengths: Automobile industry is an established and an evergreen industry. * India is the strongest player in the small car segment of the global automobile market. * Indian companies are the best cost innovators. * The automotive industry has long been known for its development and promulgation of the assembly-line. * Some of the greatest developments in the automotive supply chain lie in the development of Just-In-Time (JIT) inventory methods. * Through the use of advanced technologies, assembly line manufacturing, and JIT inventory management, the automotive industry has been able to achieve significant gains in productivityWeaknesses: * India is lacking in proper infrastructure. * This is slowing the pace of growth of auto industry. * Companies are not improving after sale services. Opportunities: * The automotive ecosystem is in the midst of significant change, with increasing challenges in consumer demands, technology development, and globalization. * While demand for incumbent technologies will remain strong, alternative power trains could capture more than 20 percent of the global market by 2020, depending upon boundary conditions such as fuel taxation and emissions regulation set by governments as well as oil price development. Storage is in the heart of the next generation of efforts for fuel economy. * More realistic scenario will emerge for technologies using Hydrogen as automotive fuel. * Intelligent use of NCES (Non conventional energy sources) for powering Public Transport. Threats: * Global Crisis * Companies not focussing on R&D are under great risk * High competi tion from foreign players * Lack of technology for Indian companies Market forecast with Macroeconomic assumptions Investments in future: The market is so large and diverse that a large number of players can be absorbed to accommodate buyer needs.The sector not only has global players looking to invest and expand but leading domestic companies are also pumping in huge sums into expanding operation. Some of the investments made by various companies or organisations are as follows: * Investment Planning Commission has set target of attracting foreign investment worth US$5 billion for the next five years (in automobile industry). * Rasandik Motors, a group company of Rasandik Engineering Industries India plans to set up a three-wheelers unit at Nanjangud in Mysore district of Karnataka. Work on the project was expected to commence by July 2010. An Indian automotive site called wheelsunplugged. com suggests that Daimler is planning to invest US$700 million-$1 billion to increase the cap acity of its planned truck assembly plant at the SIPCOT Industrial Park in Oragadam, near Chennai in Tamil Nadu. An initial capacity of 70,000 units a year is planned from a 1,000-acre site. * Mercedes-Benz plans to invest e700 million to increase the production capacity of its trucks in its manufacturing plant in Chennai. While the infrastructure is expected to address future expansion plans of the company, details of the time frame of investment were not disclosed.The German car maker is also on course to increase its headcount three-fold at its R&D centre in Bangalore by next year and will invest close to Rs. 450 crore on infrastructure and people-related costs. * Bharat Forge invested US$ 135 million in its Pune plant for increasing capacity to 240,000 tonnes. * Amtek Auto is expanding capacity of its casting unit to 70,000 tonnes per annum. * Rico Auto is investing Rs 350 million to expand its capacity. * Apollo Tyres plans to invest US$469. 58m to increase production capac ity in India and abroad. * Robert Bosch of Germany will invest U$201. 0 million in its subsidiaries over the next two years. * Ceat has inaugurated the Radial tyre greenfield project in Gujarat with an investment of Rs 7,000 million, which will create employment opportunities for 1,000 people. Demand forecast: Before looking at the forecast demand of automobiles, specially, commercial vehicles, let us look at the demand forecasting process used in automobile industry In forecasting the demand, we have used various statistical methods considering all the relevant demand drivers for each segment. Then, models were prepared considering an exhaustive list of variables such as: Macro-economic variables-GDP components, industrial production, inflation, interest rates, stock indices -Sector variables- model launches, vehicle price, inter-segment competition -Enablers/barriers- Finance availability, road connectivity Forecasts for 2010-11 Automobile Segments| 2010-2011 growth over 2009-10(% )| Passenger Cars| 12-13| Utility Vehicles| 13-14| Commercial vehicles(goods)| 19-20| ————————————————- Enter key points: ————————————————- 1 ————————————————- 2 ———————————————— 3 ————————————————- Enter key points: ————————————————- 1 ——————————— —————- 2 ————————————————- 3 Commercial vehicles(buses)| 4-5| Two wheelers| 9-10| Three wheelers(goods)| 5-6| Three wheelers(passengers)| 8-9| Table 6-Demand Forecast for 2010-11 Some of the key forecasts made with respect to growth of commercial vehice industry are: †¢ Expected demand in Passenger segment to grow at 6% CAGR in volume terms over the period FY05-FY10. Goods segment to show 4. 6% CAGR over the same period. †¢ Light Commercial Vehicles to grow at a rate of 20% YOY. †¢ Heavy Commercial vehicles to grow at a rate of 12% YOY. PEST Analysis Economic Scenario The fortunes of the CV industry are closely related to the general economic conditions prevailing in a country. The demand for transportation is directly proportional to the growth of the economy, mobility of population, and other related factors. In nearly al l countries, a close connection between growth in transport, goods traffic and economic growth can be observed.The effects are two-fold: * Increasing economic development causes more traffic. Increasing amounts of goods, greater transportation distances, enhanced division of labour (globalisation), new production technologies (e. g. just-in-time production), higher levels of commuter traffic, and an increase in business travel are producing a growth in goods transport and production-related passenger transport. The increase in the prosperity of private households, together with the reduction in the working week and the working life, produce an increase in holiday and leisure transport. The mobility of people and goods is a precondition for greater productivity and economic growth. The latter result from enhanced division of labour, faster structural change, the exploitation of new raw and other materials and greater competitiveness in international trade. POLITICAL SCENARIO: The gov ernment has taken many initiatives to promote foreign direct investment (FDI) in the industry; a few of them are given below: * Automatic approval for foreign equity investment up to 100 per cent of manufacture of automobiles and components is permitted. * The automobile industry has been delicensed. There are no restraints on import of components. Besides the above mentioned initiatives, the government has envisaged the Automotive Mission Plan 2016 to promote growth in the sector. It targets: * Emerging as the global favourite in the area of design and manufacture of automobiles and auto components. * Taking the output to US$ 145 billion, accounting for more than 10 per cent of the GDP. * Offering additional employment to 25 million people by 2016. ? TECHNOLOGICAL SCENARIO: Road Infrastructure Development 52000 + Kms Road development project taken up under NHAI * 5851 Kms of Golden Quadrilateral (93% completed) 7300 Kms of NSEW corridor (Phase I&II) –(11% completed) â₠¬â€œ Target Date – Dec’09 * 380 Kms of Port Connectivity (29% completed) – Target Date – Dec’12 * 46000 KM Length of Road Development- US $ 27Bn Project in progress – Completion by Dec’12 Port Infrastructure Development * Port Infrastructure upgradation projects ~ US $ 16 Bn. in progress * Upgradation of major ports through private sector involvement (13 projects are operational and 4 under implementation) * Development of container terminals (in 6 ports of total 15 million TEUs capacity) – Target Date – 2013-14 * Projects worth US$ 13. 3 billion proposed under National Maritime Development Programme (NMDP) –Target Date – 2013-14 * Additional port handling capacity of 530 MMTA in major ports Annexure List of Industry Associations The automobile industry like any other industry has a number of associations to look after its interests. They provide a greater bargaining power to the industry and act as a sourc e of bridge between the industry and the government. They help in formulating laws for the industry and help in getting technology from abroad.These associations enable the industry to lobby hard to get extra incentives in the Union budget in the form of reduced import duties etc. They also act as data banks and provide insightful researches into the industry and they also regularly conduct auto fairs and exhibitions. Some of the major automobile Manufacturers Association along with a brief description of their profiles is as follows: Society of Indian automobile Manufacturers ( SIAM)-This is the apex body of the automobile industry in the country representing nearly thirty eight vehicle and vehicular engine manufacturers in the country.It is an important channel of communication between with the Government and other national and international organizations. It works with all quarters of the industry and helps in formulating policies for the automobile industry. It also enhances com munication between all the stake holders of the industry and helps in technological up gradation though collaboration with foreign players. For more details of the organization log on to http://www. siamIndia. com/ The Automotive Component Manufacturers Association of India (ACMA)-This organization is the nodal agency for all the automobile component manufacturers in the country.They have nearly 500 hundred members and their supply form the majority of the components in the organized sector. Like SIAM, this association also helps in dissemination of information about the industry, enhances trade promotion, technological up gradation and quality enhancement thus playing an important role in the development of the industry. It also sends delegation to foreign countries and participates in international trade fairs and regularly publishes data about the sector. More information about the organization can be sought from http://www. acmainfo. om/ Federation of automobile Dealers Associat ion (FADA)-This association is the apex body of automobile dealers in India and it was established in 1964 to promote and protect the interests of the retail automobile market in the country. The four founder members of FADA which have played a key role in the formation of the association are as follows: †¢The automobile Dealers Association of Maharashtra, Mumbai †¢Motor Industries Association, Kolkata †¢Automobile Traders Association, Delhi †¢Motor Vehicles and Allied Industries Association , Chennai Click http://www. adaweb. com/ for more details. Motor and Equipments Manufacturers Association (MEMA)-This association as the name suggests represents the interest of the automobile equipment manufacturers by making the companies associated with this trade more profitable and efficient. It provides useful information about the industry, valuable market research, government representation and other valuable commercial services. The body was established in 1904 and s ince then they have provided valuable service to the light motor vehicle and the heavy industries.To know more click http://www. mema. org/index. php List of graphs and tables * Table 1-Market Share of Different Players in Automobile Sector * Table 2-Automobile Production Trends * Table 3-Automobile Domestic Sales Trends * Table 4-Automobile Exports Trends * Table 5-Tax Structure in the Automobile Industry * Table 6-Demand forecast for 2010-11 * Figure 1-Monthly Domestic Sales of Commercial Vehicles * Figure 2-Monthly Exports of Commercial Vehicles * Figure 3-Regulatory Framework of Automobile Industry