Unesco Paper- Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System - 1698 Words

Charles Darwin was quoted in 1842 describing the Belize Barrier Reef as the most remarkable reef in the West Indies (Encyclopedia). This description still holds true today. The Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System, which includes the Belize submarine shelf and its barrier reef is the worlds second largest barrier reef system and the largest reef complex in the Atlantic-Caribbean area (Programme-wo, 2009). What makes a reef like the Belize Barrier Reef system so special is that coral reefs are the most diverse of all wetlands and are home to more species than any other marine ecosystem (Wells). Also the reef system offers more varieties of coral formation than anywhere else in the Caribbean (Encyclopedia). For people to appreciate and†¦show more content†¦More alarming though is the run-off of agrochemicals and sewage pollution (Programme-wo, 2009). Another big aspect of the economy is the fishing industry, which has started to take a toll on certain species of fish, conchs, an d lobsters that live in and around the reef. Two other problems, which have devastating effects are dredging and sand mining. Dredging and sand mining are choking the corals that live in the reef system. All of these issues are causing devastating effects to the reef and; therefore, is why 370 square miles of the Belize Barrier Reef system is protected by the Belize Barrier Reef Reserve system. The Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System includes seven marine reserves, 450 cayes, and three atolls (UNESCO). A marine reserve is an area of the sea that has legal protection against fishing or development. To further the effort in 1990, the Government of Belize created the Coastal Zone Management Unit (CZMU) within the fisheries department. The CZMU has created different ministries, which are responsible for the management and preservation of different areas of the Belize Barrier Reef Reserve system. The three main ministries involved in the coastal management are the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (responsible for marine reserves and fisheries management), the

What were the prevailing physical and social conditions in Pyrmont/Ultimo during the 1950’s Free Essays

Pyrmont-Ultimo was once a highly valued area for pre-Colonial Indigenous Australians because of the access to fresh water, fish and other resources. But by the 1950s, the once thriving industrial Pyrmont-Ultimo had fallen into decline. Near deep waterways, the peninsula was a hotspot for industries, manufacturers and shipping companies. We will write a custom essay sample on What were the prevailing physical and social conditions in Pyrmont/Ultimo during the 1950’s? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The main forms of employment were from these major industries. The area featured industries that were some of the major distributors of flour, milk, wool and sugar in the country, as well as countless wool-stores. The wool-stores were popular businesses in these times. Steep slopes that led to the wool-stores were convenient for business, as the bales of wool would go down the slopes, be treated and inspected, and then sold off out of the factories. Wool stores on the peninsula employed thousands of men. The Ultimo power station was another big industry at the time. The main use of the power station was to supply electricity to the trams that were running throughout Sydney. The Ultimo power station employed hundreds of men and a few women too. The men of the neighbourhood would walk up and down the shipping yards looking for work, trying to make money for their large families. They would also look for work on the railway yards and the mills. Large industries closed and the area remained neglected for nearly forty years, merely a fossil of a once prominent area of industry. By 1954, the Pyrmont-Ultimo population was around 5,000. The area was filled with terraces, built for the working class community. Much of the population lived in these terraces, which were the most popular forms of housing in the area in the 1950s. Due to the area’s previously highly dense population, many terraces were built close together, and with some of them reaching up to three stories high. With the construction of the â€Å"Pyrmont 13† passenger terminal, many migrants landed in Australia, bringing not only cultural diversity, but also the eventual social destructions of thousands of newly settled people seeking housing and work, adding on to the already high amount of poor looking for a chance to make a living in the area and provide for their families. The recreation for the people of the Pyrmont-Ultimo region was limited, generally going to one of countless pubs around the area, seeing the local football team play at the park or playing cricket in the streets. After going to work, most men would usually hit the pubs. Artefacts of these times include plaques outside the pubs, some of which read, â€Å"Please Remove Work-Boots Before Entering†. It was believed that owners of the pubs wanted the working class citizens out by as early as possible, with other signs displaying â€Å"Work Clothes Prohibited After 7.P.M†. These signs can be interpreted as an indication that the pubs in Pyrmont-Ultimo wanted more money by attracting the businessmen from the near-by Central Business District (CBD). The Pyrmont-Ultimo environment was generally unhealthy. Countless cases of black lung and cancer were discovered in people from the area, especially in the working-class men who were working and living in these parts. The wool-stores sometimes created many health problems for the workers and other people residing in their homes near them. The Colonial Sugar Refinery (CSR), trains and power stations polluted the air and water in and around the Pyrmont-Ultimo area. Question 2 – Identify and describe the changes that occurred in the Pyrmont/Ultimo area in the period from 1955 to 1975? Significant change took place in the Pyrmont/Ultimo area from 1955 to 1975. The freeway developments of the 1970s physically divided Pyrmont-Ultimo and threatened to destroy all sense of community. One of the first protests was against the demolition of the terrace houses in Fig Street, which were to make way for the North Western freeway. They rebuilt some of the terraces, but they also started building units. A lot the industries moved out west in these times. Pyrmont/Ultimo began to go into Urban Decline and soon into Urban Decay. Changes to industry and development affected housing, employment, as well as the health and leisure of the people. Employment rates dropped dramatically and people were finding it hard to keep a roof over their heads. Many people went elsewhere for recreational purposes, with the large amount of bars going broke, causing them to close down. Many people got depressed when they became unemployed, causing crime rates to rise dramatically. Drugs and alcohol became very common, causing communal bad health levels in the community. Communities gradually started to fall apart, and the area was nothing like what it used to be. The collapse of a once booming society, followed by the collapse of industrial occupation, created a wasteland, causing many people to subsequently move out of the area. Question 3 – Why did these changes occur? What were the determining factors for the changes? These changes occurred because many people were forced to move into other areas when the freeways were getting built and as the industries were beginning to move out west. The industries primarily moved out of the Pyrmont-Ultimo area and out west because they were encouraged by the government to move out into the western districts, which were much affordable than the current locations. Employment rates plummeted as the industries moved out west. Some of the workers moved west so they could keep a job and continue to support their family. Recreation in the area also changed as many people moved away or simply didn’t have time anymore, due to the decreasing wages for the jobs that stayed in the area. The only ‘recreational’ thing people could now do was to drink their troubles away down at their local pub. People started drinking more regularly because they were becoming depressed, which led to liver damage, other widespread health diseases in the community, and a further increase of poverty in the area. The increase of people drinking made people more hostile and violent. People were also suffering social problems as they either no longer had jobs, or were earning small amounts of money. The community crumbled because people either had to move for work or stay in the area without jobs and therefore no longer afford to live in the Pyrmont-Ultimo area anymore. By the 1960s, the wool-stores moved out of the area to move to new industrial facilities in southwestern Sydney. This marked the fall of the formerly industrious area. During the 1970s, the Pyrmont-Ultimo had become derelict, making it an unpopular residential area. The construction of wool-stores, power stations and factories caused the deconstruction of countless homes and a decrease in population, before the eventual demise of the Pyrmont-Ultimo area (In 1975, the population of Pyrmont-Ultimo was 1800, while in 1955, it was 5000). Question 4 – How did the Pyrmont/Ultimo area change in the 1980’s? Explain the factors responsible for these changes? During the 1980s in Pyrmont-Ultimo, new terrace houses were built and abandoned warehouses were transformed into new residential housing facilities. This caused people to start to move back into the area. Casinos replaced wool-stores and power stations as the industries of the future. Derelict buildings were converted into offices and commercial buildings were constructed in the area. Along with these buildings and new offices came greater job opportunities available to the people. In the mid-1980s, the State Government chose to redevelop Darling Harbour as the heart of the 1988 Australian Bicentennial festivals and celebrations. The Convention and Exhibition Centres, The Sydney Aquarium, a major retail shopping complex, the National Maritime Museum, Chinese Gardens, restoration of the Pyrmont Bridge and the development of larger open spaces were constructed in the Darling Harbour area. Rather than sitting in a pub, the new recreational activity was to go to the casino, though a large number of people still enjoyed the atmosphere of the pubs and clubs. The social side of Pyrmont-Ultimo was increasingly getting better. The area was becoming a community again. Health was also becoming getting better, with drug use and alcohol-intakerapidly decreasing. Pyrmont-Ultimo was going through Urban Growth and, subsequently, underwent Urban Renewal. Question 5 – Has the environment and community of Pyrmont/Ultimo benefited from the changes that have occurred since 1950? Justify your answer with reference to primary and secondary data. The housing environment today compared to the 1950s is greater developed. Today, larger units have been built compared to the small terraces of the 1950s, and a now must-have 10% open-space agreement has been created, meaning that 10% of the property must be open-space. The industries in the area are also further advanced nowadays; office blocks and gaming buildings are bigger and better than ever before, as well as some older industries to liven up the mix. Employment rates have greatly increased today than in the 1950s, as many people work in the newly established offices, gaming buildings or recreational buildings near their homes, even though there is great opportunity for people searching for work. Better recreational facilities have also been installed in the Pyrmont-Ultimo community, with casinos, museums, malls, food courts and other shops to go to today, as opposed to the local pub back in the 1950s. Social problems have greatly decreased since the 1950s, and Pyrmont-Ultimo is once again considered to be a great community. Health in Pyrmont/Ultimo is also better, as there is less pollution from factories, power stations and other industries. Although there is still pollution from cars, pollution levels are much less that what they were in the 1950s. How to cite What were the prevailing physical and social conditions in Pyrmont/Ultimo during the 1950’s?, Papers

Thin Station free essay sample

First download Thinstation from thinstation. sourceforge. net as shown in Figure 1 2)Unpack Thinstation 3)Copy all file that are found inside the thinstation directory in cd files folder 4)Rebuild ISO )Insert a blank CD into CD drive Burn the boot images/iso/thinstation. iso as an image,with a CD burner program 7)Set CD Rom as the boot device and boot from CD Figure 1 The download section of the thinstation site shown in Figure 2 Figure2 The thinstation was selected and downloaded to be used shown in Figure 3 Figure3 When booting from from Live CD a black screen appears showing vmlinuz and initrd loading and the cursor blinks in the upper right side and after 3 minutes and it start to boot to windows shown in Figure 4. Figure 4 Another screen will appear say press F2 for verbose mode shown in Figure 5. The verbose mode gives a more detailed veiw of what processes are starting up during startup and only use it when you have problem booting, it will show you at what point the boot process has stopped. We will write a custom essay sample on Thin Station or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Figure 5 After the previous load screen,the Thinstation Linux Boot Menu will appear which is the final setup to boot the thinstation v2. 2. 2g shown For example installing virtualbox on a computer and then install windows of any version then it can be run as if it were a windows computer. The virtual box program was downloaded and installed on the computer system shown in Figure 7 Figure7 VirtualBox porgram was launch and from the Windows Start menu,a new virtual machine was created. The thinstation LiveCD was placed in the harddrive and boot on the virtual machine. The same thinstation boot up process will occur shown in Figure 8. Figure 8 With the use of virtual box multiple screenshots was taken to show that the thinstation v2. 2. 2g worked

Pablo Picasso Blue Period

The Blue Period in the oeuvre of Pablo Picasso is defined as his paintings created in years 1901-1904. It is characterized by obvious domination of various forms of blue colors in paintings. Interestingly, at this point of his life he was definitely feeling blue.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Pablo Picasso: Blue Period specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The preceding year before the beginning of the Blue Period appeared to be shocking for the artist. Pablo Picasso’s best friend, Carlos Casagemas, committed a suicide. This event is considered to have led the artist to the period of melancholy and depression (Warncke, 201). Feeling frustrated and left alone, Pablo Picasso tries to express his emotions with the help of canvas and oil. He paints himself and other people with unhappy expressions; emptiness can be read on their faces. Pablo Picasso’s Blue Period can be defined as the transition of the art ist from classical to abstract painting (Getlein,28). While creating the paintings, Pablo Picasso was very young (21-25). Therefore, some drawbacks in composition can be observed at the Blue Period. However, at his time, Pablo Picasso made a real revolution in the world of art with his works. Unusual, serious and grotesque, they form a special class of pictures which introduce the age of modern art. The Blue Period includes such works as Self portrait, Le gourmet, Blue Nude, La Celestina, Evocation, burial of Casagemas, Casagemas’ Death, Two sisters, the meeting, Life, Old Guitarist, Child with a Dove, Poor people on the seashore, Susanne Bloch, and others. Child with a dove â€Å"Child with a dove†, painted in 1901, is the painting which opens the Picasso’s series of the paintings of the Blue Period. Unlike the most of paintings of this period, it is very tender and mild.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get yo ur first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A little girl holding a white dove on a playground looks very sad. The picture is still, yet the viewers expect the doe to fly away soon; that is why the subconscious dynamics is present in the work. The light blue and green pastel tones intensify the melancholic mood of the painting. However, the vivid black contours make the figures very contrastive. The brushstrokes can be seen; moreover, it is clear that preceding to the green phone Picasso used deep blue. Interestingly, starting from this painting the author started to sign his works as simply â€Å"Picasso†, with no initials (Raynal, 81). In this painting, the influence of such artists as Gauguin and Cezanne on Picasso’s style of painting can be noticed. The Absinthe Drinker â€Å"The absinthe drinker†, created in 1901, is a work which depicts the culture of Paris of that time. Absinthe, at that time a cheap infusion of weeds, was very spread among the youth . A man with a bottle of absinthe was a casual picture of 19th century (Gilot, 241). The Picasso’s character is very tragic; his posture and expression emphasize his loneliness. He is sitting with his drunken eyes staring in deep thoughts; he is hugging himself with one arm, which is a sign of emptiness, and supporting his chin with another hand. This hand is standing strictly vertical and is situated in the center of the composition, making the painting massive and rude. The palette is comparatively rich; the typical blue colors are combined with red, yet they still are cold. The texture of the painting is homogenious. The painting is now kept in Russia, at the Hermitage in St. Petersburg.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Pablo Picasso: Blue Period specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Self portrait The picture â€Å"Self portrait† was also created in 1901. Painted with oil, this work is very expressiv e. Pablo Picasso shows himself as a serious figure looking straight into the viewer’s eyes. He is holding his head close to his shoulders, which signals the depressed and insecure state. He is wearing black; the rest of the picture is presented in blue tones. Despite the motionless figure, the painting looks very expressive because of contrasted colors. The red lips prove the contrast with cold colors and intensify the emotionality of the painting. The contours are highlighted with thick black lines, which make the style similar to that of Picasso (Richardson, 162). The texture is homogeneous; the brushstrokes are slightly noticeable. The work was one of the objects on a famous Spanish exhibition called â€Å"From El Grego to Picasso†. At the moment the painting is exhibited at the Hotel Salà ©, currently the Musà ©e National Picasso in Paris. Evocation, burial of Casagemas Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More After Pablo Picasso’s best friend’s suicide, the artist paints a set of pictures related to his death. One of them is â€Å"Evocation, burial of Casagemas†, created in 1901. This work is quite big: its original size is 150.5 x 90.5 cm. It depicts the death of Casagemas in two dimensions: one, people mourning his death on the Earth, and the other, people greeting him in Heaven, where Casagemas arrives on a white horse. Heaven take 2/3 of the picture and is painted with pale, cold blue and green with bright white stripes symbolizing clouds. These features signify that the artist gets closer to the cubist technique with its vivid forms and bright boundaries. The scene on Earth is painted in warm tones. The depicted people have no faces, but their postures are extremely expressive; they all show deploration. Noticeably, the Earth part is still, while the heaven part is very dynamic. What is more, the colors used are also very dynamic. In fact, the colors are â€Å" dirty†, which gives the feeling of massiveness. This painting greatly demonstrates how good Picasso was at organizing the composition with many people in a way that looks natural. Casagemas’ Death One of the most striking works of Picasso’s Blue Period is â€Å"Casagemas’ Death†. As it is known, Picasso’s best friend committed a suicide in a temple (Leal, 159). This fact could serve as a reason why the central object of the painting is a bright light of a candle. The rays of the candle enlighten the face of Casagemas. The cold colors of the dead body are contrasted with the hot light – a comparison of death and life. The still body is combined with the dynamic flame. The candle is the only vertical line on the painting, which makes it look like an axis of the picture. The grotesque brushstrokes make the painting even more convincing. The zoomed scale makes an impression of the real presence near the object; in addition, the falling ho rizon adds the pessimism to the already tragic plot. The texture is grained; the artist used a thick layer of the paint. All in all, the painting is very tragic and expressive. The painting is now kept in France, at the Musà ©e Picasso in Paris. Le gourmet The name of this picture, â€Å"Le gourmet†, is often translated as â€Å"The Greedy Child†. However, if translated from French this word actually means â€Å"gastronome†. Picasso shows a boy eating at a table. The dynamical character of the boy is supported by mosaic surrounding; however, even despite making some moves he stays motionless. In comparison with other works of the Blue Period, this work can be defined as the most aristocratic one. In contrast to death, prostitutes and alcoholics Picasso depicts a boy with perfect hair and manners (Cowling, 319). Furthermore, the boy’s figure is shown as small with the help of surrounding objects, which are big; even the plate is too wide for the boy†™s hands. This can be a sign of the character’s loneliness. The colors are pale blue, as in most of the pictures of the period; the warm stains are also present. This picture differs from others by the technique of painting: the brushstrokes are very shallow and vivid. This technique gives an impression of a crayon-painted picture. This picture also contains more details than others; therefore, the elements of classicism are obvious. At the moment the painting is together with some of the works of Picasso’s Blue Period in USA, at the National Gallery of Art in Washington. Blue Nude The picture â€Å"Blue Nude† was painted in 1902. It depicts a necked woman crying sitting with her back to the viewers. Her body and the background are painted identically; only the thick black lines show her shape. The author also uses pink tones in order to contrast between the body and the surrounding. In this picture Pablo Picasso tries to make the first steps to primitivism, showing the simplified shapes (Franck, 143). The colors are not presented separately; all the tones seem to be flowing out from each other. The setting is unclear, as the painted woman has no ground under her; however, she does not look like hanging in the air: her posture is obviously fixed. All in all, despite the vivid lines, the picture looks very integral. La Celestina â€Å"La celestina† was painted in 1903. On the picture there is a woman with slightly grayed hair. The composition is still. She sits in a posture, traditional for Picasso’s portraits: with her body turned 30% to the West and her head turned full face to the viewer. The woman is dressed strictly: she has a black headscarf on. However, her facial expression shows some foxy thoughts. Her eyes, one of which is blind, are staring right, her eyebrows slightly raised, and her lips mysteriously simpering. Thus, Picasso reveals the character of the woman: both the model and Celestina were procuresses (Jaf fe, 82). The dark tones are presented by homogeneous style of painting. The absence of the setting emphasizes the importance and expressiveness of the character. The painting is now kept together with the author’s self-portrait of the Blue Period, in Paris, the Musà ©e National Picasso. Two sisters, the meeting The picture â€Å"Two sisters, the meeting†, created in 1902 depicts two unhappy women standing together. The painter was inspired for this work by his visit to the Paris prison of St. Lazare. The interesting detail about that prison was that it was guarded by nuns. Therefore, the women on the picture are probably nuns or a nun and a prisoner (Gilot, 328). The both characters are still. This work shows Pablo Picasso’s cubist preferences. The work is very contrastive, the semi-shadows are often omitted, the shapes are clean-cut. Some state that the simplified shapes, especially the way of painting the faces, points to the Christian motives (Warncke, 134) . The tones vary from light blue to dark violet. The typical distinct counters are less noticeable than in other works of the period. The curl of the arch on the left repeats the form of the sisters’ heads bend to each other, and the shadow on the right continues this pattern. The barefooted women with their heads covered remind the Discalced Carmelite Nuns. Nowadays the painting is in Russia; specifically, in the Hermitage, St. Petersburg. The old guitarist â€Å"The old guitarist†, created in 1903, is one of the â€Å"mildest† works of Pablo Picasso’s Blue Period referring to the technique. A homeless man, probably drunk, playing his guitar is shown in the picture. The simple forms are yet detailed; the muscles and tendons are clear. The typical pale blue tones are combined with a warm stain (guitar) and bright white strokes, just like in most of the described paintings. The composition is still; only the guitarist’s hands are supposed to expres s dynamics, but in fact they are also relaxed. The three horizontal lines (the man’s head, hand and legs) are connected by the vertical one (the guitar). At the moment the work is situated at the Art Institute of Chicago in USA. Life The painting â€Å"Life† is another work where Picasso originally situates many figures. The author depicts Casagemas with his lover, and a mother with a child near them. The picture also refers to the set of Casagemas’ portraits. The triple dimension includes the three front characters, one person at the background and also two people painted on a picture behind the front characters. All the figures are motionless; only the couple on the left compensates the still composition. None of the characters meet with their eyes; this also adds some dynamics to the painting. The colors change from light blue on the top to brownish green on the bottom. The bright white stains highlight the front space and serve as a frame for the background . In this picture, author uses as much contrast as it was possible. One of the most obvious is the contrast between the necked couple and a woman in the fabric. Interestingly, the painting shows the alive friend of the author, surrounded by the closest people, which shows the deep feeling of respect that Picasso had to Casagemas. At the moment the work is in USA, The Cleveland Museum of Art. Poor people on the seashore The painting â€Å"Poor people on the seashore† depicts a family of three, a mother, a father and a son. Another name for the painting is â€Å"The tragedy†. The painting refers to the period when Picasso was concentrated on the general message more than on composition. Thus, the composition is rather inconsistent: the woman is still, but the man with the boy is moving in some direction; but their route seems to include hitting the woman. The characters are painted with violet; for the background Picasso used pure light blue colors. They express the fro zen sea and the winter sky; the people with no shoes on also show that they are cold. In general, the mood of the painting is expressed very clearly. The pale stains in this painting are not only used in some elements, but also for underlying the contrast with dark tones. All in all, despite the imperfect composition, Picasso managed to express the atmosphere excellently. The painting is now at the National Gallery of Art in Washington, USA. Suzanne Bloch â€Å"Suzanne Bloch† is the last painting from Pablo Picasso’s Blue Period. This portrait does not differ much from the other portraits of Picasso: the typical composition, model’s posture, tones and style of painting. A still woman looks straight into the viewers’ eyes; the dark tones of clothing and hair are contrasted with very pale skin. Warm orange lips also prove a contrast to the general cold of the painting. The texture is rather coarse, which makes the painting look messy. The portrait also has an interesting story. It was once stolen from a museum and found a year later, undamaged and safe (Leal, 287). All in all, the Blue Period in the artistic work of Pablo Picasso is one of the most prolific ones. The feeling of resignation was one of the strongest stimuli for the artist to create his works. The Blue Period is marked by expressive melancholic paintings and a palette of cold blue colors. Because of the mournful mood, author depicts unhappy people. None of the characters painted during the Blue Period is smiling; they all embody either poor, sad or stereotypically bad characters. In addition, the style of Picasso’s paintings becomes very recognizable; it still contains the aristocratic tones and mild transitions but at the same time has the roots of cubism. The main features of the Blue Period’s portraits are stillness, heavy dark colors, and thick black contours. Nowadays the works are kept in greatest galleries of the world and admitted to be ones of the world best works. Works Cited Barnet, S. A short guide to write about art 9th edition. London: Longman, 2002. Print. Cowling, E. Picasso: Style and Meaning. Phaidon Press, 2002. Print. Franck, D. Bohemian Paris: Picasso, Modigliani, Matisse, and the Birth of Modern Art. Grove Press, 2003. Print. Getlein, M. Living with Art 8th Edition. McGraw Hill Higher Education, 2007. Print. Gilot, F, Lake, C. Life with Picasso. Virago,1990. Print. Jaffe, H. Picasso (Masters of Art) New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1983. Print. Leal, B. The Ultimate Picasso. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2000. Print. Raynal, M. Picasso: Biographical and Critical Studies. Skira,1959. Print. Richardson, J. A Life of Picasso: The Prodigy, 1881-1906. Alfred A. Knopf, 2007. Print. Warncke, C, Walther, I, Taschen,G. Picasso Taschen: illustrated edition, 2003. Print. This essay on Pablo Picasso: Blue Period was written and submitted by user Beetle to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Hunchback Of Notre Dame Essays - Fiction, Literature, Free Essays

Hunchback Of Notre Dame Essays - Fiction, Literature, Free Essays Hunchback Of Notre Dame Everyday, the people of Paris are accustomed to waking to the bells of Notre Dame. Today, the 6th of January, was different though. It is to be a hectic and eventful for the ambassadors of Flanders would arrive to discuss the marriage of the price to Margaret of Flanders. Coincidentally that same day was the Epiphany and the well-renowned Festival of Fools. As the citizens of Paris awoke, they assembled in the great hall with different expectations. Many came to watch the crowning of the Pope of Fools; others are anxiously awaiting the start of a melodrama. Astoundingly, the great hall is filled beyond capacity when tensions break and the crowd orders that the promised play to begin at once. It is here where we meet an important plot developer, Gringoire the poet, who has drafted the play and as any good playwright would, is tremendously happy about his masterpiece. However, to his arrant horror everyone present in the great mass of Parisians losses interest in his production when the ambassadors and other dignitaries arrive with the archbishop. Determined to have his piece performed, Gringoire pressures the four actors to continue. Unfortunately, his attempts are vain. Some time afterwards a crowd rallies together and begins the election of the Pope of Fools. The crowd becomes boisterous, even his own actors are drawn to the election. Soon Gringoire is left alone. His hopes and expectations vanquished, the storys playwright departs into the streets as the rest of the city parades its newfound Pope of Fools, the opprobrious, grotesque, Quasimodo. As people of all ages presented their hideous grimaces in hopes of being elected Pope, the notorious hunchback of Notre Dame Cathedral was spotted amongst the assemblage and crowned the most hideous creature on earth. Afterwards, Quasimodo is raised above the crowd and is ridiculed. However, he perceives the crowd is paying homage to his crown. Penniless, without shelter, food and nowhere to turn, Gringoire continues to gape the streets wondering where he will get his next meal and cursing the people of Paris and their Festival of Fools. As he roams, he finds an interesting distraction, that of La Esmeraldas show. The most beautiful of gypsies, this charming, slender young woman was per ceived as a witch and sorceress because of her exotic show and well-trained goat. In actuality La Esmeralda was simply an extremely keen and generous person whose generosity and kindness left everyone she came in contact with entranced. Among the thunderstruck by her charms and resplendent beauty were the newly elected Pope, a distraught poet and a sinister and twisted priest. From atop the shoulders of the masses, Quasimodo has an excellent view of the glowing Esmeralda as she performs her dances. Her astounding beauty immediately attracts Quasimodo. He is awakened from his reverie only when his transport comes to a sudden stop at the orders of a stern and feeble priest. Suddenly the massive Pope lowers from his thrown and hurls his powerful body at the feet of the slender old priest. Astonished by the humility of their Pope, the crowd fails to realize that they have lost their entertainment for the night. Some time afterwards, we find Gringoire following La Esmeralda in hope that he might find some source of support. He is thwarted however when a tall, shadowy figure assaults the gypsy princess; and he is confronted by the powerful fists of Quasimodo. Like all damsels in distress, Esmeralda requires the help of a knight in shining armor, she finds her hero in the form of Captain Phoebus de Chateauprs. Meanwhile, Gringoire continues on his way meeting several beggars. He fails to recognize his location in a very dangerous part of Paris. He is attacked and kidnapped by the same beggars. He is taken to the dreaded Court of Miracles where the blind can see, and the lame run. There he is told that the only escape from death was that he joins them as a member of slang, or a woman can choose to marry him. He fails the tests miserly but is saved when La Esmeralda is touched with pity as the noose is placed around his neck. She offers to marry the

Origins of the Expression Honi Soit Qui Mal Y Pense

Origins of the Expression Honi Soit Qui Mal Y Pense Honi soit qui mal y pense are French words that  youll find on Britains royal coat of arms,  on the cover of British passports, in British courtrooms, and elsewhere of note. But why does this Middle French expression appear in weighty official uses in Britain?   Origins of Honi Soit Qui Mal Y Pense These words were first uttered by Englands King Edward III in the 14th century. At that time, he reigned over a part of France. The language spoken at the English court among the aristocracy  and clergy and in courts of law was Norman French,  as it had been since the time of William the Conqueror of Normandy, starting in 1066. While the ruling classes spoke Norman French, the peasants (who comprised the majority of the population) continued to speak English. French eventually fell out of use for reasons of practicality. By the middle of the 15th century, English again ascended to the throne, so to speak, replacing French in British centers of power.   Around 1348, King Edward III founded the Chivalric Order of the Garter, which today is the highest order of chivalry and the third most prestigious honor awarded in Britain. It is not known with certainty why this name was chosen for the order.  According to historian Elias Ashmole, the Garter is founded on the idea that as King Edward III prepared for the  Battle of Crà ©cy  during the Hundred Years War,  he gave forth his own garter as the signal. Thanks to Edwards introduction of the deadly longbow, the well-equipped British army proceeded to vanquish an army of thousands of knights under French King Philip VI in this decisive battle in Normandy. Another theory suggests a totally different and rather fun story: King Edward III was dancing with Joan of Kent, his first cousin and daughter-in-law. Her garter slipped down to her ankle, causing people nearby to mock her. In an act of chivalry, Edward placed the garter around his own leg saying, in Middle French, Honi soit qui mal y pense. Tel  qui sen rit aujourdhui, shonorera de la porter,  car ce ruban sera mis en tel honneur que les railleurs le chercheront avec empressement  (Shame on him who thinks evil of it. Those  who laugh at this today will be proud to wear it  tomorrow  because this band will be worn with such honor that those mocking now will be looking for it with much eagerness).   Meaning of the Phrase Nowadays, this expression could be used to say Honte celui qui y voit du mal, or Shame on the one who sees something bad [or evil] in it.   Je danse souvent avec Juliette...Mais cest ma cousine, et il ny a rien entre nous: Honi soit qui mal y pense!ï » ¿I often dance with Juliette. But she is my cousin, and there is nothing between us: Shame on the one who sees something bad in it! Spelling Variations Honi comes from the Middle French verb honir, which means  to shame, disgrace, dishonor. It is never used today. Honi is sometimes spelled honni with two ns. Both are pronounced like honey. Sources History.com Editors. Battle of Crecy. The History Channel, AE Television Networks, LLC, March 3, 2010. The Order of the Garter. The Royal Household, England.

Historical Developments that Presented New Opportunities and Desires Term Paper

Historical Developments that Presented New Opportunities and Desires for Women - Term Paper Example Introduction Today, with women occupying many high ranking positions at work both in the private and public sectors, it is difficult to imagine and contextualize a time in the past when they were confined to the household and generally restricted and discriminated upon when it comes to the issue of working and employment. It is even no longer fashionable to talk about the glass ceiling in the corporate ladder presently because many female executives are making waves in the corporate world. While, America is yet to see a female president, there is no shortage of powerful female politicians that became influential in Washington and overseas. It is, unarguably, the best time yet for American women to live, work, compete and achieve things for themselves. Looking back, the women of the past were not that lucky. They have to fight for equality and for the recognition that they, too, have rights and capabilities that can be as useful and meaningful as those of men’s. Remember the La dies In the early years of the United States as a country, the first opportunity for change emerged. It was in search for the values, norms, identity and character that would define the nation. There are several notable women who made a difference and helped shape the course of the path that America took during these times. For instance, there is the case of the documented correspondence between John Adams and his wife, Abigail Adams, which demonstrated how Mrs. Adams led the women of her day to empower women and fight for their rights. In a letter dated March 31, 1776, she wrote her husband during the Continental Congress, which is on the process of drafting the Declaration of Independence. She reminded Adams that: I long to hear that you have declared an independency. And, by the way, in the new code of laws which I suppose it will be necessary for you to make, I desire you would remember the ladies and be more generous and favorable to them than your ancestors. The correspondence did not reveal the extent of the impact of Abigail Adams’ admonitions. In the end, the Founding Fathers came up with the classic line in the Declaration that, â€Å"all men are created equal.† Her experience depicted how the American society during this period has displayed a stereotypical view of women, wherein they are widely seen to belong at home in the so-called cult of domesticity. Nonetheless, Abigail Adams is considered one of the pioneering women that launched the process of women emancipation and gender equality. Her actions served as an inspiration for many feminists that would come after her. More and more women became educated as schools were set up for them by individuals who advocate equal rights. There are numerous other developments driven by individual personages and they all influenced the trajectory of women empowerment later on. In 1933, Eleanor Roosevelt became influential in advancing many of the women’s causes. During the Great Depressio n, she was at the forefront of those exhorting women to contribute something to their country and to alleviate the crisis. In one of her pronouncements, she stated that, â€Å"The women know that life must go on and that the needs of life must be met and it is their courage and determination which, time and again, have pulled us

Biographyinterview of Lesbian or bisexual or queer woman, or Essay

Biographyinterview of Lesbian or bisexual or queer woman, or trasgender individual - Essay Example I have recently shifted to Holland for pursuing my postgraduate diploma in women empowerment at Mastricht University Holland. Aisha. Up to the age of 16 years I did not know much about my sexuality. My mother had told me only one story about my sexuality. When I was just a few months old my father wanted to have my circumcision. Aisha. Yes. But in Africa some families go for the female circumcisions also. They want to curb the sexual desire of girls by doing that. I don't clearly remember how was I saved from the circumcision. But I really hated that idea. Aisha. My mother put me in a female hostel during my late two years i.e. 1983-1984 in high school. I had to live with a single senior girl Sumaira who stated sharing bed with me. She took a lot care about me and I felt she fell in love with me. I became found of her in a few days. I remember after week or so we used to rush in the evening for bed and locked our room from inside. First time she unclothed herself before and took me in her arms. This was an unusual and fascinating experience for me. She kissed me and pampered me all over my body. I felt my self in havens. It took me only minutes to unclothe myself and did every thing for her, she asked me. I clearly remember my first experience with sex when I slept so deep that next morning I was very fresh and happy. Only a women knows, I believe, what a sex of a woman is. Then this thing became a regular habit till she left for another college and left me thirsty for a while. But within a month I came to know that there were a few o ther who used to enjoy this in groups, I joined them. X. Then what happened to you after high school Aisha. I joined the university and I always asked my self-different question on my sexuality. Why is homosexuality considered so bad in our society Why does our society reject it at the outset And why social stigmas attached with it X. How and what did you find the answers Aisha. I joined a counseling class in gender studies. Our teacher who was a Nigerian scholar was herself a divorcee and a staunch liberal feminist. She explained that the men dominate heterosexual society. Man is inherently cruel and macho. He always looks at the woman as a commodity and considers woman as an object of enjoyment. So the homosexual women live within themselves. They don't need man either. The social stigmas associated with lesbianism, are all man made. They need to defend their arena of enjoyment. Women need to be empowered at every level. Woman needs to be emancipated in society. X. Then why and how you decided to lesbianism as a choice for sex. Aisha. Linda, an elegant blond, blued eyed Dutch girl met with me at a seminar. We had some chat at sex issues. I don't know. Really I don't know. But she changed my life. I am sure, we too humans were seeking each other from havens. I fell in love with her. She romanticized this relation. This is all because of her. I did my master from Holland. I joined Oxfam. I am feminist. Today we live together. I am proud of her. She told me the real love in my life. X. What are

The Crucible dramatic and emotional Essay Example for Free

The Crucible dramatic and emotional Essay I wanted to make my version of Arthur Millers yellow bird scene in The Crucible dramatic and emotional. I wanted to create dramatic tension in the scene by emphasizing how angry, frustrated, and emotional the characters are. At the start of this scene Abigail crated a vision of yellow bird. I made Abigail look frightened but angry at the same time. This made the scene more dramatic as Danforth was extremely angry and confused. I did this to make audience want to know more and make them feel anxious. During the next part of the scene there is a lot of disagree between John Proctor and Danforth. I emphasized the frustration of the characters by making them shout angrily and sound violent. This was to build up the tension in the scene to influence the audience to feel shocked. In the next part of the scene Abigail accuses Mary Warren of sending the yellow bird upon them to hurt them. This shocks Mary, as she is innocent so she cries out in a horrified and confused manner. Mary Warren starts to get impatient because no one will listen to her point of view. The girls start to wind her up by repeating what she is saying. I directed the girls to speak in a soft-echoed tone of voice. This is because this would frustrate Mary even more and make her more angry and upset. I also positioned the girls to face Mary and stare at her, this was to build up even more frustration within not only Mary but the audience as well, as they know that she is innocent. I wanted Mary to appear more upset and emphasize the emotion building up inside her. The girls pursue in acting in this way until Mary breaks down in tears and is weeping and pleading. This brings more emotion to the scene, and I wanted Mary to come across weak and scared. Danforth is asking questions but isnt getting the answers he wants, so I made him lose control at points and show much impatience to make the scene more dramatic. Proctor becomes even angrier and sounds violent because no one will listen to him either. He knows he has real difficulties with controlling rage because he is so frustrated, while the girls are still repeating Mary Warren. This makes a scene full of mixed emotions; anger, frustration, depression and a bit spooky. Eventually the girls voices become louder this makes Mary not weaker but angrier and Mary cries out loudly. I thought because Mary is now appearing stronger the girls would be furious, so I made them repeat their teasing of her in a cold bitter tone of voice. I wanted to demonstrate group power as shown by the girls and how it effects one single person. As every one is shouting and screaming at each other, they become more and more furious. This emphasizes the frustration within the scene. For example Danforth starts speaking louder and far more sternly because he wants to be heard and he is trying to maintain his authority. Eventually the girls dominate Mary so much she gives in and confesses. This is a real shock, so the tones of voices are lowered because the girls have got their own way. When Mary accuses Proctor, the confusion and the shouting return because he is angry and knows that now no one will believe him. During this part of the scene Danforth calms down and speaks in a more patient tone of vice this is because he is relived because things are starting to make sense, although it is a lie. The next part of the scene is when Mary Warren cries out that she loves God. I thought this part of the scene was practically highly charged and I emphasized this by directing Mary to break down in tears once again. Hale and Proctor become more distressed and more aggressive through out the end of the scene because they know the girls are lying and this is particularly damning for them. Hale gets for frustrated he quits the court leaving Danforth even more confused and impatient as he is scared that he may lose his authority. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

Functions of Human Resource Department Essay -- Employment Employee De

Functions of Human Resource Department One of the main functions of Human Resource Department is training and development beside recruitment, selection and placement. It isn’t enough to recruit employees into the skills or knowledge they currently posses, but rather for their ability to learn and adapt through training as conditions change or business needs. Employees are very important resources where some organizations assign huge budget to train them. However, this budget is taken out when organizations have financial problems. Here comes HR role to lighten top management that Training and Developing strategy is a vital investment to show commitment and ensure competency of employees’. Pfeffer references growing evidence that the loss of skills and increased use of contract employees have hurt productivity and even safety in organizations and industry (1998, P172). In this report we’ll talk about Training and Developing policy in UAE based company known as Tawteen. We’ll examine the effectiveness of this policy, describe its operation, show the policy outcomes and review the employees’ feedback on the policy. Before we go ahead with our analysis we should look at the policy in other regions rather than UAE. Also we’ll summarize an overview of our company and its internal operations to have a complete picture. Outside UAE: In USA we have â€Å"open career systems where individuals are given considerable freedom to manage their own careers. In such settings we find a chance to bid on jobs and training opportunities† (Towers 1996, p. 31) . However, Japanese companies operating in USA and UK â€Å"Job Training is typically provided internally, though at least in the early stages of operations there has been a tendency to buy-in managerial talent† (Towers 1996, p. 55). On the other hand, In European companies there is an â€Å"increase in training at all levels†. â€Å"Training and development is increasingly seen as a critical part of an organization’s HR strategy† (Towers 1996, p. 83). For example, in UK it is estimated that business spends 16 billion on training and developing their employees each year (Rana, 2000a). In UAE where business is growing very fast and we have huge number of skilful expatriates’ workers. Excluding enterprise companies, medium and small size companies don’t have training and development strategy. As ... ...ged and developed at work has major effects upon quality, customer service, organizational flexibility and costs’. By providing a framework for training and developing employees, Tawteen as a training and recruitment is contributing in the Emiratisation strategy by training UAE Nationals and maintaining the quality of training. References Bown B. 2000, Recognizing and Rewarding Employees, McGraw-Hill, New York. Harrison R. 1992, Employee Development, IPD, London. Laila Murad, HR Officer in Tawteen, Dubai, 2005 Marchington M. & Wilkinson A. 2003, 2nd Edition, People Management and Development. , Chartered Institute of Personal and Development (CIPD House), London. Pfeffer J, 1998, The Human Equation: Building Profits by Putting People First, Harvard Business School, Boston. Rana E. 2000, ‘IIP revamp aims to cut back on bureaucracy’, People Management, 13th April 2000, P14. Saif Sultan, System trainer in Tawteen, Dubai, 2005 Sanders D. 2000, ‘The Pros and Cons of Computer based learning’, Employee Development Bulletin 123, March 2000, P6-8. Towers B. 1996, 2nd Edition, The Handbook of Human Resource Management, Blackwell Business, Oxford.

Labour Welfare Reforms

How Successful were the Reforms of the Post War Labour Government 1945-51 in Solving the Social Problem that Faced Britain? By Nicole Anderson In May 1945, the coalition government that had steered Britain through the perilous days of the Second World War was finished. It was replaced by the Labour party who had the challenging task of rebuilding the country after the losses of the Second World War. The Labour government of 1945 made the first drastic steps towards the welfare state. William Beveridge had been commissioned to write a report on the causes of poverty and this became the basis for the Labour reforms.These reforms identified that there were five ‘giants’ of poverty (Squalor, Want, Disease, Ignorance, and Idleness), all of which would have to be defeated in order to eradicate poverty. The attempts to tackle these giants varied greatly in their levels of success and achievements of the aims to defeat poverty. Right wing historian Barnett criticised the Labour government reforms saying that â€Å"expenditure should have been focussed on the economy†, especially after Britain’s involvement and loss in WW2.Whereas, modern historian Martin Pugh defends these reforms arguing that the expense was worthwhile as the reforms dramatically reduced poverty and had a positive effect on the economy therefore stressing their importance. Therefore, I believe that it can be argued that the reforms of the Post War Labour government were successful in lessening the social problems that faced Britain through the tireless efforts of passing successful and adequate reforms.One of the five identified giants was â€Å"Want† which directly related to the poverty that was being experienced by Britain. Before, Britain failed to possess any sort of systematic security system and the few benefits that existed already were very selective and often means tested. However, in 1946 the National Insurance (Industrial Injuries) Act was passed which pro vided compensation for injuries at work. This was a successful improvement for social conditions in Britain as it was the first time women got paid the same rate as men.This was successful as it closed the gap between gender inequalities and also meant that women would also be able to pull themselves and their family out of poverty. In addition, the National Insurance Act of 1946 was also passed which was successful as it established the slogan of the Labour party â€Å"from cradle to grave†. It was one of its successes as it provided for all and all adults were involved – which can be argued again in strengthening the idea of equality among everyone.It covered all stages of life that before were described as a struggle and included maternity, sickness, unemployment benefits, a retirement pension and a death grant. This was a successful notion as now everyone was given the opportunity to receive â€Å"a helping hand† and therefore, it made it easier for families to lift themselves out of poverty and create a better standard of living for themselves. Similarly, the National Assistance Act 1948 was successful in reducing the levels of poverty as it acted as a safety net to meet the needs of those not covered by National Insurance.This again highlights Labour’s success in the field of reducing poverty as it encouraged and maintained the feeling of financial stability for the people of Britain, particularly of the lower classes – therefore boosting the success of the Labour reforms. However, on the other hand it can also be argued that its success is very limited as in theory; National Assistance was supposed to only act as a backup with most people being covered by National Insurance. However, this was not exactly the case and many were forced to apply for National Assistance which limited its success.In addition to this limitation, by the early 1950s, 68% of all National Assistance went to supplement pensions. However, since Na tional Assistance was still ‘means tested’ many old people were reluctant to apply for it! This limitation was due to the fact that they remembered the dreaded means test of the 1930s and it can be argued to limits its success as it meant this proportion of the populations remained unprotected and at a higher risk of poverty. Although, the opposite argument that it was successful essentially, should not be ultimately forgotten.In can be argued that these reforms were an improvement to the old social security system even though it can also be this new system could be expanded. Another argument that illustrates its blatant success is that the real value of pensions increased dramatically since the 1930s meaning that the elderly population benefited from it enormously. In addition, historians such as Pat Thane argue that the social security system was of real advantage to women and lower classes – this was particularly successful as it showed how beneficial it was i n their struggle to lift themselves out of poverty.Historian Thane wholly backs up this viewpoint by stating the social security system was â€Å"a real advantage especially of many woman and also those of the lower middle class† therefore showing how the success of it affected all ends of the social spectrum. However, the most important piece of evidence to suggest its ultimate success is that Rowntree did a second survey of poverty in 1950 and found that poverty in York was down to 2%, compared to 36% in 1936. Therefore, this significant decrease is simple evidence that shows the dramatic impact of the Labour reforms related directly to â€Å"Want†.Thus, it proves that in this sense these reforms were very successful. Disease was the second giant that was tackled and again, was arguably a reasonable success and even argued to be the â€Å"greatest achievement† of the welfare state. Beforehand, only less than half the population were covered by existing health insurance set by the Liberals in 1911. Those who were not covered still had to pay for a doctor at a great expense. In addition, hospitals still relied on voluntary efforts and therefore suffered as a result – these reforms were successful as they completely revolutionised this old system.The NHS Act was passed in 1946 but came into practise by 1948. It offered a full range of help; free treatment from GPs, specialists, free hospital treatments, free eye and dental treatments, spectacles and hearing facilities – this would have greatly increased the overall health of the nation which boosts its success as a reform. However, on the other hand it is important to remember that this health care reform was of an enormous expense, to the point that National Insurance funds did not cover it.This therefore meant that they had to backtrack on â€Å"free for all† and even had to place charges on prescriptions, spectacles and dental treatment which acts as its biggest limi tation as it slightly contradicts its original intention. However, even though this was the case millions of people continued to be treated and their health improved nonetheless which illustrates its success Right wing historians argue that the NHS was too generous in allowing to get free dentures and prescriptions, that there were too wasteful of resources.Furthermore, there still remains great historical debate that it seemed overgenerous for a country so recently battered economically by the world war. Critics similarly argue that the Labour government should have concentrated on the rebuilding of shattered industries than reforming the healthcare system so radically – Cornelli Bernett argues that the NHS was too expensive, and the government should have got the economy on track first. However, left wing historians argue very much in favour of it stating t was a radicalisation that was necessary to improve the health of Britain and that it is the government’s respon sibility to look after the health of it’s population. Also, it is important to remember that those who were treated would be able to return to work and by doing this, contribute to the recovering economy – in the long term the economy would put itself back on track by a healthy workforce. This reform can also be said to be a success as it provided a universal health service without any insurance qualifications of any sort, this shows its success as anyone could qualify for it, meaning anyone could be helped.However, the biggest factor that demonstrate its success is that the queues of people who claimed highlights the extent of the untreated problems – 8. 5million dental patients were treated in the first year and 5 million spectacles were issued. However, this can also be interpreted as people just being inquisitive or looking to get something for free though it seems much more pragmatic and concrete that it is simply illustrating the scale of the problem.Anoth er argument that shows its success is that it was free, so those who normally would fail to afford it had a chance to finally be treated, recover from their illness and pursue a career – earning a living, lifting them out of poverty and contributing to the economy.. Its success is based on the sheer amount accomplished from its start and therefore, it can be argued that again reforms in this area were of great success. The third giant tackled was â€Å"Ignorance† and focussed on the education of children in Britain. It can be argued that it was not the most successful factor although it cannot be denied that it did have some effect.The problems faced before these reforms were in need of fixing – education was disrupted by the evacuation during the War, as well as the training of teachers. In addition there was a shortage of schools; most were in a poor condition which meant the quality of education was directly affected. The Education Act 1944 raised the school leaving age to 15 which can be argued to be successful as it expanded its accessibility. A three level education of technical, grammar and secondary modern schools were created which can also be argued to be reasonably successful as it catered for the specific needs and learning styles of Britain’s students.The â€Å"11 plus† exam was created for this purpose which decided what type of school the child would attend. Its success can be determined as those who passed this exam, the system worked well for. It can be argued that this reform was successful as it offered working class children a chance to ultimately go to a good school and receive an education that would lead to a University degree and a better quality of life. However, the opposite argument suggests that these reforms were limited in success, especially those who failed this exam.Its lack of credit is measured in the fact these children were expected to leave school by 15, go into low skilled work and thous ands of children were basically trapped in a world of low paid work and inferior education – they were expected to fail. It was argued that it was unsuccessful as it was unfair to determine a child’s future at such a young age and ultimately, was not fair. The argument is that there was no equality of opportunity and 75% of pupils were classed as non-academic, completely diminishing the chances of going on to higher education.However, the failures of this reform were not its only aspects; it did have some positive effect on the education system. One of its most important successes is that it raised the leaving age to 15 meaning that education was prolonged for thousands, education was begun to be seen as a right. It also meant that more of an opportunity was given those from a poorer background to access education – this demonstrates its reasonable success. In addition, another great success worthy of noting is that emergency training schemes for 35,000 teachers were established.This is an important success as it generally raised the quality of education for pupils, improving their chances of better qualifications and extending their knowledge; a great success for their later lives. Another success is that free school milk was introduced which was beneficial as it provided nutrition for pupils also. Although this reform had obvious flaws it was accepted as a success due to the natural cause of post war problems; it was accepted that it would take a generation to solve these problems.However, it may also be suggested that Labour cannot actually take credit for any of this success as the 1944 Education Act was R. A. Butler’s Act who was a Conservative. It can be argued there is a fine line between how successful the Labour Government was in bringing these improvements to education when originally, it was not theirs to bring. However, the majority of their input was through implementing these successful changes so credit towards them t herefore cannot be overlooked. Overall, it can be argued that this reform was of limited success, especially considering the fact that Labour is a arty that stands for equality yet the whole new system of education was wholly divisive. However, it was not to the point where it can be classed as unsuccessful – it set the foundations for a fairer education system and was as successful as it could be considering the state of Britain after the war. The fourth giant was Squalor and focussed on the issue of housing and could also be argued to be a great success. 1945 saw overcrowding as a huge national dilemma, with approximately 750,000 houses destroyed during the War. There was also a desperate lack of workers and timber.There was also a significant population increase by 1 million so more houses were an absolute need. The government’s priority became to house the homeless and did so by building â€Å"prefabs† or â€Å"factory made houses†, as well as buildin g good quality council houses with low rents established through the Rent Controls Act. This was successful as it meant that everyone was entitled to a greater opportunity to own a good quality home for them and their family, and owning this was economically achievable through the low rent that was attached.However, critics may argue that houses were built on too high a specification and concentrated on quality rather than quantity. However, this viewpoint can be argued to be classed as over critical as in the long term these houses were of high quality and lasted longer which generally, is of better value for the government. Another limitation that could be considered is that possibly more houses could have been built if more responsibility had been given to the private sector.However true this claim may be, it cannot be denied that many houses were in fact built without the help of the private sector – between 1945 – 51, Labour built 1 million houses which helped gre atly in dealing with the housing crisis, again a major success. It is obvious that the Labour government were successful in focussing on building homes for the working class as 4 out of 5 homes built were council houses, therefore it contradicts the arguments that more houses should have been built as in itself this is a great achievement to accomplish housing on this scale.However, on the other hand there was still a considerate housing shortage in 1951 as well as long waiting lists for council houses. In addition, the 1951 census revealed that there were still 750,000 fewer houses than there were households in Britain. This was roughly the same level of homelessness as in 1951, clearly there was still room for improvement. Futhermore, historian Timmons argues that â€Å"traditionally, housing has been branded the welfare state failure of Bevan and the 1945 Labour Government†.Despite this, overall it becomes obvious to see that the new council estates still vastly improved t he state of crowded tenements and that millions of people were affected positively, even though these houses were still in a considerate demand many families housing conditions were improved. Although the record was not overwhelming it can be argued that Labour came close to its goal of 1945 in terms of the objectives of housing: quality and affordable working class homes Therefore, it can be concluded that reforms on housing can be deemed as successful as it paved the way for better housing reforms in the future.The last giant tackled was â€Å"Idleness† that promised jobs for all. There was a desperate need to avoid an economic slump after the war and the fear of unemployment levels returning to those of the 1930s pushed the government to take action. This was done by encouraging â€Å"full employment† and was generally done so by careful planning. Local authority spending was encouraged in helping people to find jobs and the government also had success in controllin g inflation with price controls and continuing rationing.This was all seen as successful as it helped thousands of families earn themselves an adequate living through receiving employment that was capable of lifting them out of poverty. Another argument that illustrates its success is that many historians such as Brooke claim that â€Å"This was Labour’s single most important domestic achievement† which shows just how highly he regards its success. In addition, this reform was successful at dramatically reducing unemployment.Bevan has previously said it was not possible to reduce unemployment below 3% yet this was achieved by Labour in 1946, which can be argued that this directly correlates to the success of this Labour reform. Another point that demonstrates its success is that Britain’s growth rates were better than America’s as a result, however it can be also argued that this was only because of the war there was a huge increase in the demand for Brit ish goods so Labour cannot take credit. There still remains an argument that whichever government was in power there would have been full employment, that it was a factor outwith government control.It can be argued that this is mainly due to the fact that world demand meaning that Britain could sell its exports. This was also accelerated by the fact that all countries needed to restock due to the damage of the war, therefore suggesting that the government did not have to create jobs itself. On the other hand, so much improvement in unemployment was achieved during this time that it seems only natural to credit Labour’s work as it was their action that ultimately was fulfilled.This was made even more impressive by a climate of crisis and diminished resources, a true success for the Labour government. Furthermore, economic historians tend to conclude that it was difficult to see how Labour’s performance could be improved upon. Thus, it can be concluded that Labourâ€℠¢s efforts to provide jobs for all was very successful. Overall, it seems obvious to conclude that the Labour Welfare reforms all had some sort of positive impact on Britain during 1945 – 51.However, it is important to consider that each reform varied in success and ultimately, some were more successful than others. The reforms dealing with poverty dramatically decreased the numbers of those living in poverty and helped families to claim benefits that were desperately needed; and thus may be deemed as a success if you consider the sheer amount of families that were helped. The NHS helped reduce the numbers of those who were sick yet at a great expense and so can be argued as less successful but still a great achievement for the Welfare state.It can also be argued that reforms tackling â€Å"Ignorance† were not as successful either with the controversial 11-plus exam yet the quality of education was still improved and the school leaving age was raised so it would be unf air to argue that it did not bring in some positive elements to the education system. Similarly, the issue of housing was addressed quite successfully with the problem of homelessness being tackled by the mass expansion of council housing estates. The success of reducing unemployment was noticeable also with the lowest figures of unemployment Britain had ever experienced.Therefore, it can be seen that the Labour Welfare reforms were mostly of great success with the exception of the need of a fairer education system. However, it can be clear to see that all the successes that each reform brought definitely affected millions of the British public in terms of improving health, housing, education, employment and general standard of living. Overall, despite all the problems that Britain faced after the war, Labour completed the Welfare State and successfully managed full employment, thus proving that their reforms were of great success in solving Britain’s social problems between 1945 – 51.

Contact And Exchange Between Peoples And Cultures Essay

Occupation is not a victory, yet, discrimination and oppression evoke acrimony among the native people, which impedes European imperialists from conquering the native people. The Metis, a native group originally scattered across Canada as well as parts of the northern United States such as Montana, North Dakota and Northwest Minnesota. However, the Metis and other aboriginal groups suffered injustice in European colonialism, which is the main focus of this paper. The Aboriginal peoples were the original residents of Canada. It is a collective word for the diversity of the indigenous people. The word was incorporated in the Canadian Constitution Act of 1982 and concerns to the Inuit and the Metis people. The term aboriginal has provided a sense of unity among the indigenous peoples and also served the role of erasing the different historical, cultural practice, sovereignty and languages of over fifty countries that lived in Canada preceding to European colonization. It is believed that the Metis fatherly ancestry originated from different nationalities; Irish, French, English and Scottish while the mothers came from the Native Indian. So the Merits are of mixed blood. Nevertheless, the Metis were able to adopt both the European and the Indian culture through utilizing what was suitable to their necessities. However, the European colonization led to their suffering and injustice. During this time the Metis suffered prejudice, racism and injusti ce. The Relationship of the Metis To their Land and the Manitoba Treaty The Metis practiced the concept of communism, meaning personal ownership of land were prohibited. They resisted external pressures to abandon this concept. However, with the European colonization, the Metis was denied the freedom to live the way they wanted, thus, they were forced to abandon the communism concept. As a matter of fact, the Metis who had occupied the lands in North America for decades before the European colonization were deprived during the European colonization, which in turn is still today whereby the political and legal approached deprive Metis societies of fundamental human rights The European solidified their attitudes towards race in their experience with the Metis. The clash between England and Ireland went beyond rivalries between the two developing nations. This was a clash between the semi-nomadic pastoralist and those who were settled on the land as farmers and grew a sedentary culture. The treatment of the Metis people in Cnanda was extremely similar to the treatment of the other Aboriginal peoples. As a matter of fact, the European established a hierarchical view of the earth where the value of other communities was judged against the image of their own, whereby human beings were viewed as continuing through different regular and specific stages of growth ranging from savagery to civilization. Furthermore, it was not only a social philosophy, but a moral Christian obligation placed on the European to guide the Metis who was regarded as uncivilized beings to the pinnacle of civilization. The European presented the capital structure, which embroiled racial segregation. This was opposite to what the Metis and other Aboriginal groups practiced. As a result, this concept led legitimacy to the undertaking of the dominant power whereby the European dominated the Metis. Through racial segregation, the Europeans were able to push the Metis out of their land, and exert control over all the aboriginal groups in North America. Indeed, race became a social norm and an unquestioned reason to privilege. It was one employed with great insight against the Metis people in Canada. Thus, although most of the treaties had different positive effects in the aboriginals, most of them caused these communities a devastating effect. The treaties cost the Aboriginals a lot, including their land. Besides being forced to give up their culture, they ended up with a much smaller tract of land as a result of improper negotiations. Also, though the provision of education and health care has been cru cial in maintaining the Aboriginal cultures, other benefits such as farm implements and the right to utilize land were much smaller compared to the tracts of lands given in their exchange. Furthermore, the implications resulting in the signing of treaties caused a large number of deaths among them. According to Miller (2000), prior to 1870, the Aboriginal population decreased by about 75percent under the hands of the European settlers. The Fur Trade Canada expanded in a unique manner whereby it traded fur with other countries. Fur trade played a significant role in creating boundaries, which still exist today because borders are grounded on its dissimilar resilience in the North America. As a matter of fact, the importance of the fur trade lies in its commitment of the geographic platform. Through this trade, the development of the Metis emerged with their own language and culture. Indeed, the trade depended on the productive skill and the organizational capabilities in the Metis people. Therefore, the Metis and the Indians regulated the fur trade and only traded when it was convenient for them to do so. Moreover, the Metis were sought to travel through canoe into the interior to carry out trade with the Indian community. The fur trade helped the European to penetrate to Canada, and as a result, they started assimilating the Metis community. They disregarded their culture, beliefs and norms and waged to change their culture as w ell as their behavior. The Metis were culturally undistinguished from other Canadainas. The Land Scrip During the 18th century in Canada, the government gave out scrip certificate giving the right holder to either a certain acreage of land or an amount of money that could be used to the buy on land. These certificates were given out to individual Metis to fulfill their claim to land ownership. However, most people did not get the scrip who eventually was the original inhabitants of the land, meaning that the entire Metis communities who had stayed on the land for decades were sidelined of their rightful heritage. Moreover, it was not only the manner in which the Metis was deprived of their original land. Likewise, the Juvenile Act of Manitoba was modified to permit Metis minors to sell or dispose of their script, thus creating an opportunity for abuse. The government also opposed to a powerful Metis constituency and enterprise interests desiring to gather vast tracts of land colluded to ensure that the Metis of the West of forlorn become landless people. The Metis was not included, fr ightened, swindled or made to kill of the land consisting rudimentary way that consecutive Canadians would follow to open up Canada. As a result, the Metis were forced to live on unutilized parts of the land, which is the reason that they were referred to as the â€Å"Road Allowance People† meaning that they were bound to make their geographical area on the government land on either side of the road. Louis Riel and the Manitoba Drawing from Louis Riel who was the founder of Manitoba and a Metis leader, it is clear that the Metis were harassed unjustly. Riel was murdered by the government for treason. He had united the Metis community and led to a famous Metis government that was central in taking Manitoba into Confederation, but his aim was to preserve the Metis community from the Canadian authority. Riel also led the Metis at the Red River whereby the Canadian government had appointed McDougall as the governor whose mission was to re-stake the Metis land. The Metis opposed him through Riel so as to preserve their cultural, social and political status of the Metis in the Red River as well as the Northwest. As a matter of fact, intermarriages between the Europeans and the Metis or the aboriginals was prohibited. Riel was considered a hero because he defended the Catholic faith and the French culture in Manitoba. It is for this reason that went back to North America after being in exile for four months in the United States. The British and the Canadian government did not support the Metis beliefs and wanted to establish the Protestant beliefs. Nevertheless, the opposition from the Metis through the influence of Riel did not last long when he was captured and executed. Riel was executed without any trial with British or Canadian law for his section in the Red River resistance. The Residential Schools Just like other Aboriginal peoples, the Metis were placed in residential schools over the course of a hundred years. These schools stripped children of their languages and culture so as to eliminate the Metis problem and assimilate them into the society. The Metis in residential schools survived sexual as well as physical abuses, loss of identity as well as language. As a result, many of the Metis children as well as other Aboriginal people’s did not survive at all. Indeed, there are still unrequited questions about how some kids vanished. Nevertheless, the current dispute resolution program in North America, especially Canada does not address the fundamentals harms suffered by Aboriginal peoples as a result of the Indian Residential Schools system that was expressly introduced to remove Aboriginal languages and culture, and to murder the Indian in the child. The government’s strategy for accomplishing its policy aim concerned removing children from their families, puni shing them for speaking their aboriginal language and denying them the right to follow their spiritual teachings and traditional celebrations and failing to give them adequate education. In conclusion, from the above discussion, it is clear that the Metis as well as other Aboriginal communities in North America suffered injustices. They were killed because of their language and beliefs, disregarded because of their culture and mixed blood, they were racially segregated and denied their right to own land. As a result, they ended up in the Manitoba reserve with small parts of land and some none. Neither were their appreciated in residential schools whereby their kids were physically and sexually abused. And though all these things are known by the government, nothing much has improved in Canada for the Metis as well as other aboriginals. References Brown, D., & Kingston, O. (1992). Aboriginal governments and power sharing in Canada. Kingston, Ont.: Institute of Intergovernmental Relations, Queen’s University. First Nations in Canada. (1997). Ottawa: Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. Howe, P., & Bedford, D. (2007). Electoral participation of Aboriginals in Canada.Noble, T. (2008). Western civilization: Beyond boundaries (5th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Rambaut, T. (1987). The Hudson’s Bay Half-Breeds and Louis Riel’s Rebellions. Political Science Quarterly, 135-135. Source document

The Spanish-American War, this essay talks about wether or not Americas actions in the Spanish American war were justifiable.

The Spanish-American War, this essay talks about wether or not Americas actions in the Spanish American war were justifiable. Ever since we were old enough to know what pride and dignity was, we have had it. Even though the Bible says not to be prideful, it is almost an unavoidable thing. When someone does something to hurt my pride I know I always want to find a way to get him or her back. This is the same with the United States. Although everyone has their own opinion about the war, I think one of the main reasons the United States went to war is because of something that was said against the United States. However, that is not the only reason they went into war. Did the U.S. have a valid reason to enter the war? I do not think they did, and I will analyze many of the causes of the war and try to prove why they are reasons not worth going to war.The Americans at this time in history (late 1800's early 1900's) were in a position of great power and wealth.Opening page of the Platt AmendmentSince America no longer had to worry about the frontier, they decided to try to civilize other nations. After rising as a world power in a short amount of time, "Some Nations achieve greatness; the United States had greatness thrust upon it" (qtd American Voices 385) the United States felt they could succeed in civilizing other countries. But did America really enter the war to civilize Cuba? No they did not; America had other goals and thoughts in mind besides aiding the world. Killing is "The White Man's Burden" and is a poor attempt to justify the reasoning for the Spanish-American War. One of the reasons America entered the war is because of a tactic called Yellow Journalism. One of the writers of this style stated, "You furnish the pictures and I'll...

Burkes Contributions to Rhetoric

This paper discusses Kenneth Burkes contributions to rhetoric and its importance as a communicative tool. This paper examines the history of rhetoric and its significance in early Greek and Roman civilizations that coincided with creation of democracy and the importance of public speech. It then shows Kenneth Burkes contribution to the new rhetoric as an argumentative weapon and his influence on the post-modern deconstructionism. Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Section One: The Preceding Conversation 3. Section Two: Contribution to the Conversation 4. Section Three: Effect on the Conversation 5. Conclusion From the paper: `The word `rhetoric` has an old fashioned air about it. It calls up images of schoolrooms with children in ruffled collars and Latin grammars and not a laptop in sight for several centuries. But rhetoric is as alive as is language itself, and this paper examines the importance of rhetorical studies in helping each of us to become the best writers and speakers ` the best communicators ` that we can be. A historical study of changes models and standards in rhetoric can also provide us not only with a sense of how linguistic and especially English style has changed over the years as well as illuminating how our conception of language and its structure and function have changed as well. This paper engages in such an examination by focusing on the work of Kenneth Burke. We begin with a brief overview of the life of this man whose rhetorical work we will then examine.`

IKEA Warehouse System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

IKEA Warehouse System - Essay Example IKEA furniture are cheap, durable and stylish. Source: The Economist, 2011, http://www.economist.com/node/18229400 From the start, IKEA was perceived as the David of furniture stores who was willing to challenge the Goliaths of furniture dealers, for which reason it concentrated on developing top-quality, low-cost furniture (Elsner, W & Hanappi, 2008). On the other hand, the challenges posed by the group of competitors was much like that of a cartel. The Swedish furniture dealers pressured suppliers not to sell to independent manufacturers to create an artificial shortage of raw materials. They also excluded unaffiliated furniture makers and dealers from their trade fairs. Ingvar Kamprad, the founder of IKEA, saw social problems in the furniture industry, as well as a business opportunity. He saw that the great majority of people had needs which were not being met as far as the need for beautifully crafted but affordably priced furniture and household items were concerned. At the sam e time, he felt that this exclusion of the masses was not fair nor warranted, and that people of all walks of life are entitled to good furniture (Reichert, 1998, p. 3). ... The house is designed with architecture by IdeaBox, mostly straight lines with little detail. Source: Dornob, http://dornob.com/flat-pack-ikea-house-built-shipped-for-under-100000/?ref=search Kamprad was not a social idealist without a practical agenda. He saw a business opportunity in the fact that a huge market existed which was not being serviced by the existing manufacturers and their contract-bound suppliers and retailers. However, this market had a relatively low price target, therefore if the company intends to realize a profit out of its sales to this market segment then it should be able to maintain its production and distribution costs at a margin below the selling price (The Economist, 2011) Flat-packed IKEA furniture can be carted home at the back of a car without need for incurring delivery costs. The packaging also saved on store and warehouse space. Source: http://earth911.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/IKEA-Flat-Pack-300x199.jpg?84cd58 Based on this strategic directio n, the Company developed most of its product designs, supplier relationships, and customer service practices in a way that was intended to minimize production costs and maximize value for the customer. The novel idea was to produce low-cost furniture that were easy to build, and easy for the customer to assemble by himself. The principal innovation that sets IKEA apart is its flat-pack packaging that made IKEA furniture easy and cost-effective to ship, store, sell, and later set up through self-assembly. The cost savings the company realized in terms of saved store space, delivery and labour costs were passed on to the customers in terms of lower prices. In marketing, what the company essentially pioneered in is â€Å"the self-service method of selling† which, aside

Family Communication Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Family Communication - Assignment Example Honesty is a virtue that my parents have cultivated in our house. My mother tells us that the truth will always set us free so we try as much as possible to be honest. As a family we are sincere, clear and specific with what we want to achieve. We also realize that we have our own weaknesses that we must inform each other so as to get support. My sister Linet is a sickling type and we are always there to help her whenever she cannot accomplish some of her tasks. The rules in the house are flexible and are subject to change depending on conditions. For example, we have a diet that must be followed in order to maintain our health. However, once in a while the diet is omitted to accommodate some people’s feelings and desires and this creates a sense of fulfillment in the house. We also relate well with the community around and with other family members. We have been accepted with the society and my parents play a major role in the community. My mother is a professional counselor who offers free counseling services when our estate is celebrating certain ceremonies. My dad on the other hand heads the regular cleaning services in the estate and he is also head of the security. This is an indication that our family links with the society is open and hopeful Satir 1988, pg

Is Lyon's portrait of Aristotle accurate Does it match what Classics Research Paper

Is Lyon's portrait of Aristotle accurate Does it match what Classics scholars know about Aristotle - Research Paper Example Lyon’s Aristotle and Alexander are highly credible portrayals of a great thinker confined by the exacting discipline learned under Plato, and of the strong-willed and heedless young son of Phillip of Macedon. Lyon writes a telling exchange between the two that encapsulates the complex dynamic at work in one of history’s most engrossing relationships. Lyon addresses the fundamental difference between them. â€Å"You conflate pleasure and happiness, real enduring happiness,† Aristotle remonstrates. â€Å"A few thrills, a few sensations. Your first woman, your first elephant, your first spicy meal, your first hangover, your first ascent of a mountain no man’s ever climbed, and your first view from the top to the other side. You want to string together a life of thrills.† Name 2 With characteristic self-assuredness, Alexander responds, â€Å"Teach me better then. Come with my army. Come with me. You’ve been a father to me. Don’t orphan me twice† (Lyon, 278). It’s an affecting scene one might expect to take place between an older, wiser father and an impetuous son. It is unlikely that the headstrong Alexander would have yielded to his tutor, despite the great scholar’s renown, anywhere but in the classroom. ... History affords few such comparative character studies, few that exhibit such a fascinating contrast of personalities involved both emotionally and in conflict. â€Å"Here is a rare intellectual collision: the wintry hearted philosopher and the future military commander, whose own incipient depression is caused not by a lack of passion, but a surfeit† (MacDonald, 2009). Both men are dynamic in their own ways, but Alexander ultimately outstrips his brilliant but repressed tutor. â€Å"It is Alexander who ultimately wins the book-long joust with his tutor, since he is a man who not only feels but also acts† (MacDonald, 2009). Aristotle and Alexander appear to have comprised something of an â€Å"odd couple:† Alexander the â€Å"A-type† personality, non-reflective and dynamic; while Aristotle, who had seen military service, by comparison a bookish, non-physical, even effeminate type, according to Name 3 ancient accounts. The biographer Diogenes Laertius, draw ing on secondary and tertiary accounts, wrote that â€Å"He had a lisping voice, as is asserted by Timotheus the Athenian†¦He had also very thin legs, they say, and small eyes; but he used to indulge in very conspicuous dress, and rings, and used to dress his hair carefully† (Shields, 419-20). Lyon tells us that Alexander’s view of Aristotle’s golden mean was, at best, derisive, telling Aristotle that his â€Å"middle way† philosophy prizes mediocrity (Lyon, 193). In spite of such criticism, Lyon’s treatment of the complex relationship between Aristotle and Alexander serves as a kind of cautionary tale. Alexander fails to learn important lessons that are really about character and

Importance of HRM for the Function of Organisations

Importance of HRM for the Function of Organisations The functioning of modern organizations is highly dependent on the effectiveness of human resource management, which affects consistently the organizational development. In actuality, human resources comprise important assets of any organization. In such a situation, many organizations are concerned with the improvement of the performance of human resources through motivating employees and developing effective approaches to human resource management. Traditionally, human resource management played an important role in the effective functioning of an organization. At the same time, the present epoch is characterized by the development of numerous human resource challenges which were practically unknown in the past. In such a situation it is extremely important to clearly identify the problem or problems and their major causes in order to be able to cope with the HR challenges and maintain normal functioning of organizations. In this respect, it should be said that the wide implementat ion of new technologies is one of the main HR challenges many organizations working in different fields, including healthcare, face since they create serious problems caused by the gaps in the professional qualification of the personnel and the wide implementation of new technologies. In such a context, it is obvious that human resource management affects consistently the performance of organizations and the improvement of the organizational process that can be achieved through effective motivation of employees and effective leadership. In the contemporary business environment, human resources play an extremely important role because the development of organization occurs on the ground of the introduction of innovations. The introduction of innovations helps companies to take a leading position in the market and get competitive advantages over their rivals. In fact, the potential of human resources may be the major source of innovations because employees are able to generate new knowledge and introduce innovations. In this regard, the improvement of the organizational performance occurs due to the effective human resource management that can stimulate employees to innovative activities. At the same time, the effective human resource management may be a serious challenge for organizations. On analyzing the major HR challenges caused by the implementation of new technologies, it should be pointed out that probably the most serious problem is the lack of experience and essential skills of the personnel to work with new equipment and apply new technologies in practice. To put it more precisely, the current development of new technologies turns to be faster than the professional training of the personnel. What is meant here is the fact that professionals simply do not have knowledge, skills and experience to practically implement new technologies (Notorantonio, 2006). As a result, new technologies that could be very perspective and could increase substantially the work of the personnel and the performance of the organization at large are used only partially or, at any rate, their potential is not fully used. At the same time, the implementation of new technology and the lack of essential skills and knowledge engender another serious challenges the necessity of the professional training of the personnel in order to increase the qualification of professionals and prepare them to work effectively with new technologies. However, it should be said that the organization of training courses and implementation of some educational programs may be viewed only as a partial solution of this problem because in the modern, rapidly progressing world it is practically impossible that professionals could maintain the high professional level only with the help of special training or some educational programs (Clarke, 2001). In fact, nowadays, good professionals should be able to acquire new knowledge and develop new skills independently from any training programs or educators. In fact, self-education should become the major trend in the preparation of professionals to work in the modern world. In such a way, they should learn to progress constantly and improve their professional level without any external assistance but on the basis of their own skills and abilities to acquire new knowledge and develop new skills. Today, organizations attempt to keep their employees motivated and satisfied with their position and work that contributes to the higher productivity and effectiveness of work and, therefore, it contributes to the better organizational performance. In such a situation compensation methods and benefit programs may be crucial for employees and organizations, but it is important to understand the fact that compensation and financial stimuli are not the only factors that can have a positive impact on the organizational performance. First of all, it should be said that compensation methods are primarily used to motivate employees work better. In this respect, it should be said that such motivation heavily relies on the idea of utility as the cornerstone of the utilitarianism. In other words, the motivation is defined by individuals needs and interests, which are prior to all other factors that can motivate him/her. To put it more precisely, the utilitarian approach to the motivation stands on the ground that people are more likely to get motivated to do some actions, for instance, when they get some benefits from it and, on the contrary, the risk of losses or some harm that may be caused by these actions is an important factor that decreases considerably the motivation of an individual. It should be pointed out that the utilitarian approach to the motivation heavily relies on the rationalism of an individual since, in terms of this theory, human actions are determined by their utility or profitability (Clarke, 2000). This means that it is only a perspective of some benefits that can really motivate a person, but, on the other hand, such a utilitarian view implies that an individual should evaluate carefully all his/her action and motivation is also rationally justified and evaluated because it is on the basis of the racial judgment an individual can get either motivated or non-motivated to take an action. At first glance, such an approach seems to be logical and quite convincing, but, in actuality, it proves to be rather naÃÆ' ¯ve because such a view on the motivation means that people are unable to spontaneous actions. In other words, the motivation is rather a rational act than a spontaneous or unplanned act. In such a context, the use of financial compensation seems to be efficient. At the same time, different types of compensations may have different effects. For instance, skill-based pay implies that employees skills play the primary role in their benefits. Hence, they are motivated to train and improve their qualification, but, on the other hand, it does not ensure really effective and productive work because the quantity or productivity of work is not mirrored in benefit programs and compensations. The same trend may be traced in regard to the competence play. On the other hand, compensation and benefit programs cannot rely solely on the productivity of employees, the amount of products or services they create and provide for customers because it does not stimulate the professional development of employees. In this respect, the variable pay seems to be the most balanced compensation and benefit program because it stimulates both professional development of employees along with high effectiveness and productivity of their work. As a result, employees are interested to work better and, what is more important, they are conscious of the fact that if they learn, train and improve their qualification they will have better career prospects and higher benefits. In such a situation, the motivation of employees is very important because it contributes to the improvement of the organizational performance consistently. At the same time, the development of effective human resource management and motivation of employees leading to the consistent improvement of their organizational performance is impossible without the effective leadership. The process improvement occurs in the course of the organizational development, which is grounded on the development of the human resource management and effective leadership that helps employees to maximize the effectiveness of their organizational performance. In this respect, it is important to lay emphasis on the fact that the organizational performance is grounded on the effective leadership and the process improvement is impossible without the leadership as well. At this point, it is worth mentioning the fact that the leadership contributes to the consistent improvement of the organizational performance. However, contemporary leaders pay a particular attention to the improvement of the organizational performance through the improvement of the effectiveness of the human resource management. In actuality, leaders are particularly effective in motivating of employees. At this point, it is important to lay emphasis on the fact that effective leaders can motivate employees without using financial motivators. Consequently, organizations can save costs and maximize their organizational performance using the power and leadership qualities of their leaders to motivate employees and to maximize their performance. Moreover, charismatic and effect ive leaders can encourage their employees to develop innovations and introduce innovative approaches to their work. Therefore, the development of the effective leadership style can be crucial for the process improvement and the improvement of the organizational performance. In actuality, it is possible to distinguish different leadership styles which are considered to be effective. In this respect, it is possible to single out transformational leadership style as one of the most effective leadership styles in the contemporary business environment. In fact, the transformational leadership style facilitates the introduction of changes and innovations in organizations and managers can use the transformational leadership style to maximize the effectiveness of the organizational performance. The transformational leadership style implies that leaders act as stewards to their employees and guide them in the course of the introduction of change, innovation, or their regular work. In such a way, leaders close the gap between them and their subordinates and help to facilitate the introduction of changes and maximize the effectiveness of the performance of employees. Therefore, the organizational performance depends consistently on the effectiveness of the leaders hip and human resource management. In such a situation, leaders can stimulate and motivate their employees to improve their performance and the organizational performance at large that leads to the overall improvement of the organizational development. Thus, taking into account all above mentioned, it is important to lay emphasis on the fact that contemporary organizations depend on the effectiveness of the performance of their human resources and leadership. In this regard, leaders can facilitate the introduction of changes and other processes that improve the organizational development and organizational performance. In fact, the motivation of employees and ability of managers to introduce changes contribute consistently to the improvement of the organizational performance. As a result, it is possible to estimate that the rapid technological development, leading to numerous HR challenges related to the unpreparedness of professionals to the practical implementation of these technologies and leading to the necessity of organization of training courses and educational programs, can be used more effectively if the personnel comes prepared and being conscious of the necessity to continue their education and development of new skills and knowledge on their own as a part of their professional development. Consequently, modern organizations are dependent on the leadership, motivation of employees, effective human resource management that facilitates and improves the organizational performance. References Anonymous (1994, May). New technologies will impact HR departments. HR Focus 71 (5), 11. Clarke, R. L. (2000).   Investing in the human resource.   Healthcare Financial Management 54 (2); 16. Keener, R. (1999, May). Problems for everyone in IT staffing needs. Healthcare Management Technology 20 (4), 10. Minehan, M. (1997, December). Technologys increasing impact on the workplace. HR Magazine 42 (12), 168. Notorantonio, R. (2006).   Going Once, Going Twiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Health Management Technology 27 (2), 30. United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics (2003). Employment Unemployment.   Retrieved on December 8, 2003, from http://www.bls.gov/.